Feasibility of easily accessible hearing screening in German municipal offices: A pilot study

zaud000102 10.3205/zaud000102 urn:nbn:de:0183-zaud0001020 Short Report Feasibility of easily accessible hearing screening in German municipal offices: A pilot study Praktische Umsetzbarkeit von niedrigschwelligem Hörscreening in deutschen Bürgerämtern: Eine Pilotstudie Baumann Baumann Uwe U

Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, ENT/Audiological Acoustics, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, GermanyGoethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital, ENT/Audiological Acoustics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

uwe.baumann@ukffm.de author Völter Völter Christiane C

St. Elisabeth Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, ENT Department, Bochum, Germany

author Lesinski-Schiedat Lesinski-Schiedat Anke A

Hanover Medical School, Clinic & German Hearing Center, Hanover, Germany

author German Medical Science GMS Publishing House

Düsseldorf

610 20260925 engl This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung). 2628-9083 8 GMS Zeitschrift für Audiologie - Audiological Acoustics GMS Z Audiol (Audiol Acoust) 25 Die Weltgesundheitsorganisation empfiehlt regelmäßige Hörscreenings für Erwachsene, jedoch fehlt bislang eine systematische Implementierung in der Europäischen Union. Ziel dieser Pilotstudie war die Un</PlainText></TextGroup>ters<TextGroup><PlainText>uchu</PlainText></TextGroup>ng der praktischen Durchführbarkeit eines niedrigschwelligen Hörs<TextGroup><PlainText>creenin</PlainText></TextGroup>gs in deutschen Gemeindeämtern sowie die Erfassung erster Screening-Ergebnisse. Mittels einer Tablet-basierten Reinton-Audiometrie wurden Besucher kommunaler Bürgerämter untersucht. Die Daten zeigen eine sehr hohe Akzeptanz des Angebots und eine hohe Rate bisher unbemerkter Hörstörungen insbesondere bei Personen über <TextGroup><PlainText>50 Jahren</PlainText></TextGroup>. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen internationale Erkenntnisse zur Bedeutung der Früherkennung und unterstreichen das Potenzial kommunaler Ämter für eine gesundheitsorientierte Hörversorgung. Bemerkenswert ist, dass unsere Studie die erste Implementierung von Hörtests in einem Bürgerbüro darstellt.</Pgraph></Abstract> <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph>The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends systematic hearing screening across the lifespan, particularly for older adults, as part of evidence based strategies to mitigate the global burden of hearing loss. However, no EU member state has implemented a nationwide adult hearing screening program. This pilot study investigated the feasibility of conducting in municipal citizen offices in Germany a simple, tablet based pure-tone audiometry and explored preliminary outcome patterns. Results from Frankfurt show high public acceptance and a substantial proportion of previously undetected hearing impairment among adults aged 50 years and older. These findings align with international evidence underlining the importance of early detection and support the potential role of municipal office in public health–oriented hearing care pathways. This study was the first to implement hearing screenings within a municipal citizen service center.</Pgraph></Abstract> <TextBlock name="Introduction" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Age related hearing loss (ARHL) is one of the most common chronic conditions worldwide and the third leading cause of years lived with disability. According to recent analyses, over 1.5 billion people globally live with some degree of hearing loss, and many cases are preventable or manageable with timely detection and intervention <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Despite strong international recommendations, such as the WHO World Report on Hearing, adult hearing screening is not yet systematically implemented in EU member states. At a European Parliament round table in 2023, experts emphasized the need for standardized adult hearing screening and proposed a European Hearing Health Strategy to address unmet needs among older adults <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Municipal citizen offices <Mark2>(Bürgerämter)</Mark2> represent easily accessible, high-traffic locations that could facilitate the early detection of health risks by integrating preventive health testing into routine administrative visits. All residents regularly visit these municipal offices approximately every 10–15 years throughout their lives. This study evaluates the feasibility and acceptance of such an approach.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="Methods" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>Methods</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Hearing screening was performed via a validated Android based pure tone self test (HearingTest, e-audiologia.pl) using a Tablet device, USB amplifier (Antelope ZEO, Elektrosfera Ltd, Sofia, Bulgaria) and circumaural headphones (VIC Firth SIH2, Zildjan, Norwell, USA, Figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure" />). The screening device was frequency specific coupler based calibrated. Test frequencies were 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 6 kHz. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Prior to testing, the study’s background was explained to each participant, followed by the acquisition of written informed consent. A research assistant then instructed the participant on how to operate the application. The screening test was performed independently by the participant under the direct supervision of the research assistant.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Thresholds ≥35 dB HL at two adjacent frequencies were classified in either ear as abnormal. This screening threshold was selected because a hearing loss of 35 dB HL or greater on the better-hearing ear is marked as clinically relevant, marking the point where functional communication deficits typically emerge according to the WHO World Report on Hearing (2021) <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Guidelines emphasize that validated, calibrated pure tone methods are appropriate for adult hearing screening when implemented with standardized protocols <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Besides Frankfurt am Main (acoustically favorable office environment, Leq<40 dB(A)) screening was also planned in Bochum (corridor section with visitors passing by) and in Hanover (test conducted in waiting area). The present analysis focuses exclusively on the Frankfurt cohort; results from the remaining sites will be presented in a forthcoming publication as data collection was still ong<TextGroup><PlainText>oin</PlainText></TextGroup>g during the work on this manuscript. Participants were recruited through flyers, digital displays, and personal approach. Participants were actively recruited and tested at the Frankfurt site from November 2025 to February 2026 during standard operating hours of the citizen service center.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Subject questionnaire</SubHeadline><Pgraph>To gather relevant anamnesis data, a structured short questionnaire was administered following the hearing test to all participants. The core items were designed in alignment with standard European EuroTrak survey methodologies, which rely on self-reported hearing metrics to assess population-wide hearing loss prevalence and hearing aid uptake. The questionnaire comprehensively assessed: </Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Prior awareness of hearing impairment, including the possession, regular usage, and perceived benefit of hearing devices (sub-questions for known hearing loss)</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Subjective hearing difficulties in daily life, specifically focusing on situational challenges encountered in social gatherings (noise) or in quiet environments (sub-questions for individuals without a prior diagnosis)</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">External feedback, evaluating whether the participant’s social environment had previously noted any signs of a hearing deficit</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4.">Audiological history, documenting whether pure-tone audiometry test had been performed in the past, including knowledge of its outcome and whether a hearing aid had been recommended by a medical doctor</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Responses were recorded using a standardized closed-ended format (categorical options: “Yes”, “Partially”, <TextGroup><PlainText>“No”, and “No answer”</PlainText></TextGroup>) to ensure consistent quantitative a<TextGroup><PlainText>n</PlainText></TextGroup>alysis.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="Results" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>Results</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Feasibility and acceptance</SubHeadline><Pgraph>A precise participation or refusal rate could not be quantified for two main reasons: first, the total number of citizens visiting the municipal service center during the study period was not recorded, and second, not every visitor was explicitly invited to participate. Recruitment relied on a passive and semi-active approach, including a prominent roll-up banner placed in the main thoroughfare, the distribution of information flyers, and direct personal invitations initiated by a research assistant in the foyer. Nevertheless, the high acceptance of the low-barrier screening is robustly demonstrated by the unexpectedly rapid enrollment of the study cohort. The target sample size was reached significantly faster than anticipated, allowing data acquisition to be concluded two months ahead of the original recruitment schedule.</Pgraph><Pgraph>A majority of participants (86%) rated the test as <Mark2>easy</Mark2> or <Mark2>very easy</Mark2>. Average testing time was short (<4 min), enabling seamless integration into administrative workflows. These findings are consistent with EU pilot data showing strong public receptiveness to community based hearing screening initiatives <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Screening outcomes</SubHeadline><Pgraph>In total, N=350 participants (189 females) were recruited. Average age was 43.4 years (SD 15.8 years). Among participants aged ≥50 years (N=124), N=36 showed abnormal findings requiring follow up. In this age group, N=13 had <Mark2>no prior knowledge</Mark2> of a hearing impairment. Only two participants of those with bilateral impairment used hearing aids. This gap reflects broader European patterns where self reported hearing difficulty is common, yet hearing aid uptake remains low—a phenomenon also documented in the EuroTrak and other epidemiological surveys <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The distribution of screening results across the different age groups reveals a clear, age-dependent increase in hearing screening failures (Figure 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure" />). To accurately interpret these percentages, it is critical to consider the decreasing sample sizes within the older age cohorts.</Pgraph><Pgraph>In the youngest cohort (50–59 years, N=72), the vast majority of participants showed unremarkable results (86.1%, N=62), while only 9.7% (N=7) failed in one ear and 4.2% (N=3) failed in both ears. This distribution shifts progressively with advancing age. In the oldest cohort (80+ years, N=7), no participant showed an unremarkable finding (N=0). Instead, 14.3% (N=1) failed the screening in one ear, and the large majority 85.7% (N=6) showed an abnormal outcome in both ears. The sharp percentage increase in bilateral hearing screening failures in the oldest groups (e.g., 35.7% in the 70–79 cohort and 85.7% in the 80+ cohort reflects the clinical reality of age-related hearing loss, even though the absolute numbers of participants in these highest age brackets were small (N=14 and N=7, respectively). Within each distinct age group, the sub-categories of unremarkable, unilateral abnormal, and bilateral abnormal findings reached exactly 100%.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Self reported hearing history</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Among abnormal cases ≥50 years, N=14 had never undergone a hearing test. N=27 reported no previous recommendation for a hearing aid. 27% reported no difficulty in group conversations despite measurable impairment, supporting evidence that self report often underestimates audiometric loss <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Age-related patterns</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Abnormal findings increased markedly in the age groups of 60-80+years, consistent with epidemiological data on ARHL prevalence across Europe <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. As depicted in Figure 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure" />, the amount of abnormal findings in both ears raised form 18% (age group 50–60 years) to 36% (age group 80+ years).</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="Discussion" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>Discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The present pilot data from the investigation site in Frankfurt a.M. demonstrate that municipal offices are feasible sites for hearing screening, with a high user acceptance and a practical workflow integration. Importantly, the proportion of previously undiagnosed hearing loss aligns with international findings on unmet needs in adult hearing care. Evidence indicates that untreated hearing loss contributes to reduced quality of life, cognitive decline, and social isolation, and is linked with higher risk for faster progression of dementia. Early detection—especially in older adults—is therefore critical for prevention oriented health policy <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The substantial number of undetected cases in this pilot study suggests that embedding hearing screening into the routine civic infrastructure could reduce barriers such as lack of awareness, limited access to specialists, and stigma. This aligns with WHO guidance calling for systematic, accessible adult hearing screening pathways at national and local levels <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Operational implementation, challenges, and testing environment</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Conducting a clinical screening study within a highly frequented public administrative environment poses logistical and institutional challenges. Securing approval from the municipal citizen service center in Frankfurt am Main required extensive coordination. Data acquisition was conducted entirely during regular municipal business hours. To avoid any disruption to official administrative workflows, a strict routing procedure was implemented: visitors were required to fully complete their scheduled public services prior to being invited to participate in the screening. Due to concerns regarding potential long-term interruptions to standard operational processes, the management of the municipal center in Frankfurt remains critical toward a permanent establishment of such screening programs within their facilities.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Despite these bureaucratic hurdles, the physical testing conditions at the Frankfurt site were excellent. Measurements were conducted in a fully enclosed, separate office room equipped with an acoustic ceiling, ensuring a highly controlled and quiet environment that minimized ambient noise interference. As the acoustic conditions at the test centers in Bochum and Hanover were considerably poorer, the impact of room and environment acoustics on the feasibility of hearing screening in public offices remain to be analyzed once data collection is complete.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>The role of supervision and future directions</SubHeadline><Pgraph>It must be emphasized that the automated screening was performed under the constant supervision of a trained research assistant who provided initial instructions and oversaw the process. While this setup ensured high data quality and low technical error rates, it limits the generalizability regarding true self-containment. To transition this low-barrier approach into a highly scalable, community-based screening tool, future research must systematically evaluate to what extent this test can be operated fully autonomously by participants without any clinical or technical staff present.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Limitations</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Several limitations of this pilot study must be acknowledged. First, a major limitation is the lack of a clinical-audiometric follow-up examination to validate the screening failures with standard diagnostic pure-tone audiometry. Second, it is well established that an automated self-test method yields slightly higher thresholds—on average 3 to 4 dB poorer—specifically at high frequencies (4 and 6 kHz) compared to manual a<TextGroup><PlainText>udi</PlainText></TextGroup>ometry. This methodological variance may have led to a slight overestimation of hearing loss severity in some participants. Lastly, while the screening program was generally well received, the precise response rate could not be quantified, as the total number of citizens visiting the municipal center who declined to participate was not systematically recorded. Future larger-scale implementations should include structured logging of non-participants to provide a robust measure of public acceptance.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="Conclusion" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>Conclusion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>This pilot study confirms that hearing screening in municipal offices is both operationally feasible and well accepted by the public. A considerable proportion of older adults demonstrated abnormal results, many previously unknown, highlighting the potential public health impact of an easily accessible community-based screening. The approach may serve as a model for a broader implementation as a part of EU and WHO strategies promoting healthy aging and early detection of sensory impairment. Ongoing evaluations from additional pilot sites (Bochum, Hanover) will help refine operational models and inform scalability.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="Notes" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Conference presentation</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This contribution was presented at the 28<Superscript>th</Superscript> Annual Conference of the German Society of Audiology and published as an abstract <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Ethics statement and informed consent</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The experimental protocols and the study design were formally reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Goethe University Frankfurt (approval number/Geschäftszeichen: GZ 2025-2274). The study was conducted in strict accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Prior to any testing or data collection, the background and purpose of the screening were explained to all participants, and written informed consent was obtained from each individual.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Acknowledgements</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This research was supported by the Internationale Hörstiftung, Hanover, the Stiftung zur Hör- und Sprachförderung, Friedberg, and the participating municipal offices. The authors thank Isabell Best (MED-EL, Starnberg) for her ongoing support.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Use of AI</SubHeadline><Pgraph>During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used Gemini (Google) and ChatGPT (OpenAI) to improve the linguistic quality, formatting, and structural clarity of the text. 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DOI: 10.3205/26dga057</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.3205/26dga057</RefLink> </Reference> </References> <Media> <Tables> <NoOfTables>0</NoOfTables> </Tables> <Figures> <Figure width="706" height="415" format="png"> <MediaNo>1</MediaNo> <MediaID>1</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 1: Android-tablet equipped with a USB amplifier and circumaural headphones</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <Figure width="637" height="424" format="png"> <MediaNo>2</MediaNo> <MediaID>2</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 2: Distribution of screening results (percentages) over the different age groups, total N=132 (72;31;14;7 by group). Green: unremarkable finding (total N=88; by group N=62;23;3;0), yellow: one ear abnormal (total N=18; by group N=7;4;6;1), red: both ears abnormal outcome (total N=18; by group N=3;4;5;6). Criterion for “hearing loss”: two adjacent frequencies ≥35 dB HL</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <NoOfPictures>2</NoOfPictures> </Figures> <InlineFigures> <NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures> </InlineFigures> <Attachments> <NoOfAttachments>0</NoOfAttachments> </Attachments> </Media> </OrigData> </GmsArticle>