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    <Identifier>zma001413</Identifier>
    <IdentifierDoi>10.3205/zma001413</IdentifierDoi>
    <IdentifierUrn>urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0014136</IdentifierUrn>
    <ArticleType language="en">short report</ArticleType>
    <ArticleType language="de">Kurzbeitrag</ArticleType>
    <TitleGroup>
      <Title language="en">Workshops for developing written exam questions go online: appropriate format according to the participants</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Workshops zur Erstellung schriftlicher Pr&#252;fungsfragen gehen online: geeignetes Format gem&#228;ss der Teilnehmenden </TitleTranslated>
    </TitleGroup>
    <CreatorList>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Anschuetz</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Anschuetz</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Wilma</Firstname>
          <Initials>W</Initials>
          <AcademicTitle>Dr. med.</AcademicTitle>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Mittelstr. 43, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland<Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Switzerland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Mittelstr. 43, CH-3012 Bern, Schweiz<Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Schweiz</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>Wilma.anschuetz&#64;iml.unibe.ch</Email>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="yes" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
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      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Wagner</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Wagner</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Felicitas</Firstname>
          <Initials>F</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Switzerland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Schweiz</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Jucker-Kupper</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Jucker-Kupper</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>Patrick</Firstname>
          <Initials>P</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Switzerland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Schweiz</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
      </Creator>
      <Creator>
        <PersonNames>
          <Lastname>Huwendiek</Lastname>
          <LastnameHeading>Huwendiek</LastnameHeading>
          <Firstname>S&#246;ren</Firstname>
          <Initials>S</Initials>
        </PersonNames>
        <Address language="en">
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Switzerland</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Address language="de">
          <Affiliation>Universit&#228;t Bern, Institut f&#252;r medizinische Lehre, Bern, Schweiz</Affiliation>
        </Address>
        <Creatorrole corresponding="no" presenting="no">author</Creatorrole>
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    <PublisherList>
      <Publisher>
        <Corporation>
          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
        </Corporation>
        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
      </Publisher>
    </PublisherList>
    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <Keyword language="en">workshop</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">online</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">questions development</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">multiple choice</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">medical</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Workshop</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">online</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Fragenentwicklung</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Multiple-Choice</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Medizin</Keyword>
      <SectionHeading language="en">exams</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Pr&#252;fungen</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20200731</DateReceived>
    <DateRevised>20201020</DateRevised>
    <DateAccepted>20201124</DateAccepted>
    <DatePublishedList>
      
    <DatePublished>20210128</DatePublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
    <License license-type="open-access" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
      <AltText language="en">This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</AltText>
      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
    </License>
    <SourceGroup>
      <Journal>
        <ISSN>2366-5017</ISSN>
        <Volume>38</Volume>
        <Issue>1</Issue>
        <JournalTitle>GMS Journal for Medical Education</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS J Med Educ</JournalTitleAbbr>
        <IssueTitle>Teaching in times of Covid-19/Lehre in Zeiten von Covid-19</IssueTitle>
      </Journal>
    </SourceGroup>
    <ArticleNo>17</ArticleNo>
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    <Abstract language="de" linked="yes"><Pgraph><Mark1>Hintergrund: </Mark1>W&#228;hrend der Corona-Pandemie wurde die Durchf&#252;hrung von Pr&#228;senzveranstaltungen erschwert, weshalb zwei geplante Pr&#228;senz-Workshops zur Erstellung von Multiple Choice (MC)-Fragen online durchgef&#252;hrt wurden. Ob sich das Online-Format f&#252;r die MC-Fragenerstellung eignet ist unseres Wissens bisher nicht beschrieben. </Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Fragestellungen: </Mark1>Die Studie hatte das Ziel, folgende Fragen aus Sicht der Teilnehmenden (TN) zu beantworten: Wie werden die zwei Online-Workshops hinsichtlich der Durchf&#252;hrung bewertet&#63; Eignen sich diese Online-Workshops zur Erstellung von MC-Fragen&#63; Wird das Online- oder Pr&#228;senz-Format bevorzugt&#63; Als Mass f&#252;r die Effizienz wurde betrachtet, ob der erwartete Fragenoutput (Standard von vergleichbaren Pr&#228;senz-Workshops) in den Online-Workshops erreicht wurde.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Methoden: </Mark1>Im Mai und Juni 2020 wurden zwei Online-Workshops mit insgesamt 24 TN f&#252;r Schweizer Fachgesellschaften mit SWITCHinteract durchgef&#252;hrt. Die R&#252;ckmeldungen der TN wurden per anonymer Online-Umfrage mit 21 Fragen erhoben.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Ergebnisse: </Mark1>88&#37; der TN nahmen an der freiwilligen Online-Umfrage teil. Die TN waren zufrieden mit der Durchf&#252;hrung und empfanden das Online-Format als geeignet. Die Mehrheit der TN zeigte keine Pr&#228;ferenz f&#252;r ein bestimmtes Format (Online vs. Pr&#228;senz), wobei jedoch im Fall einer Format-Pr&#228;ferenz h&#228;ufiger das Online-Format angegeben wurde. Der erwartete Fragenoutput wurde in beiden Workshops &#252;bertroffen. Als verbesserungsw&#252;rdig wurden am h&#228;ufigsten technische Aspekte angegeben. </Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Schlussfolgerung: </Mark1>Anhand der Ergebnisse k&#246;nnen Online-Workshops zur MC-Fragenerstellung als ressourcenschonende und effiziente Alternative f&#252;r Pr&#228;senz-Workshops betrachtet werden. Die zunehmende Anwendung und Optimierung von Online-Tools k&#246;nnte die Umsetzung weiter erleichtern und die Format-Pr&#228;ferenz beeinflussen.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph><Mark1>Background: </Mark1>The Corona pandemic has made it difficult to conduct face-to-face events, which is why two workshops planned for the development of multiple choice (MC) questions were conducted online. Whether the online format is suitable for MC question development has not yet been described to our knowledge. </Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Questions: </Mark1>The study aimed to answer the following questions from the perspective of the participants: How are the two online workshops evaluated in terms of their implementation&#63; Are these online workshops suitable for developing MC questions&#63; Is the online or face-to-face format preferred&#63; As a measure of efficiency, it was examined whether the expected question output (standard of comparable face-to-face workshops) was achieved in the online workshops.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Methods: </Mark1>In May and June 2020, two online workshops with a total of 24 participants were conducted for Swiss professional societies with SWITCHinteract. The participants&#8217; feedback was collected via an anonymous online survey with 21 questions.</Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Results: </Mark1>88&#37; of the participants took part in the voluntary online survey. The participants were satisfied with the implementation and found the online format suitable. The majority of the participants did not show a preference for a certain format (online vs. face-to-face), although in case of a format preference the online format was indicated more often. The expected question output was exceeded in both workshops. Technical aspects were most frequently cited as requiring improvement. </Pgraph><Pgraph><Mark1>Conclusion: </Mark1>Based on the results, online workshops for MC question development can be considered as a resource-saving and efficient alternative to face-to-face workshops. Increased use and optimization of online tools could further facilitate implementation and influence the format preference.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="1. Introduction">
      <MainHeadline>1. Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The development of multiple choice (MC) exam questions is a demanding process that can be efficiently carried out in structured face-to-face workshops <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. During the corona pandemic, face-to-face workshops were made more difficult due to necessary safety concepts, which is why planned in-person workshops were conducted online. Publications on other online events show that they are well suited for knowledge transfer <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink> and offer advantages such as flexibility, as well as time and cost savings <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, which results in a high willingness to participate and acceptance <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. To our knowledge, there are no studies that have investigated the suitability of an online workshop for MC question development.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="1. Einleitung">
      <MainHeadline>1. Einleitung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Erstellung von Multiple Choice (MC)-Pr&#252;fungsfragen ist ein anspruchsvoller Prozess, welcher sich im Rahmen strukturierter Pr&#228;senz-Workshops effizient durchf&#252;hren l&#228;sst <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. W&#228;hrend der Corona-Pandemie wurden Pr&#228;senzveranstaltungen aufgrund notwendiger Schutzkonzepte erschwert, weshalb geplante Pr&#228;senz-Workshops online durchgef&#252;hrt wurden. Publikationen zu anderen Onlineveranstaltungen zeigen, dass sie sich gut zur Wissensvermittlung eignen <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink> und Vorteile wie Flexibilit&#228;t, Zeit- und Kostenersparnis mit sich bringen <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, was in hoher Teilnahmebereitschaft und Akzeptanz resultiert <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. Nach unserem Wissen existieren keine Studien, welche die Eignung von Online-Workshops f&#252;r die MC-Fragenerstellung untersucht haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="2. Research questions">
      <MainHeadline>2. Research questions</MainHeadline><Pgraph>This study aimed to answer the following questions from the perspective of the participants:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">How are the two online workshops evaluated in terms of implementation&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Are these online workshops suitable for developing MC questions&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">Is an online or face-to-face format preferred&#63;</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>In terms of efficiency, the following was examined:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4.">Is the expected question output in the online workshops achieved&#63;</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="2. Fragestellungen">
      <MainHeadline>2. Fragestellungen</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Diese Studie hatte das Ziel, folgende Fragen aus Sicht der Teilnehmenden (TN) zu beantworten:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Wie werden die zwei Online-Workshop hinsichtlich Durchf&#252;hrung bewertet&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Eignen sich diese Online-Workshops zur Erstellung von MC-Fragen&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">Wird das Online- oder Pr&#228;senz-Format bevorzugt&#63;</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Als Mass f&#252;r die Effizienz wurde betrachtet:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4.">Wird der erwartete Fragenoutput in den Online-Workshops erreicht&#63;</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="3. Methods">
      <MainHeadline>3. Methods</MainHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.1. Procedure</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>In May and June 2020, two independent question workshops for Swiss professional societies with a total of 24 participants were conducted online. The same question output was expected as for a face-to-face workshop (see table 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table"/>). </Pgraph><Pgraph>The workshops were conducted with SWITCHinteract &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;www.switch.ch&#47;interact&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;www.switch.ch&#47;interact&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;, an Adobe Connect based online seminar tool, which is recommended for webinars with features such as video conferencing, breakout rooms and screen-share <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. In the run-up to the seminar, participants were given instructions on how to develop MC questions and set up SWITCHinteract (including test login). The workshops were conducted based on that of face-to-face workshops (see table 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.2. Survey</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>An anonymous online questionnaire (Questback Unipark, &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;www.unipark.com&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;www.unipark.com&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;) was used to ask the participants about the implementation, suitability and preference of the workshop format. The questionnaire contained five demographic, 17 closed questions with a 6-point Likert scale or matching nominal or ordinal scale and four optional free text questions. The questionnaire was newly developed for this study. The participants received a link to the voluntary survey after the workshop.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.3. Analysis</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>All results are presented descriptively. Due to the small number of cases no statistical comparisons were calculated. The free text comments were analyzed with regard to recurring topics. In the following, the results are only presented for those 16 questions that are relevant for the answers to the research questions.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="3. Methoden">
      <MainHeadline>3. Methoden</MainHeadline><SubHeadline2>3.1. Vorgehen</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Im Mai und Juni 2020 wurden zwei unabh&#228;ngige Fragen-Workshops f&#252;r Schweizer Fachgesellschaften mit insgesamt 24 Teilnehmenden (TN) online durchgef&#252;hrt. Es wurde der gleiche Fragenoutput erwartet wie bei einem Pr&#228;senz-Workshop (siehe Tabelle 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table"/>). </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Workshops wurden mit SWITCHinteract &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;www.switch.ch&#47;interact&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;www.switch.ch&#47;interact&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93; durchgef&#252;hrt, ein Adobe Connect basiertes Online-Seminartool, welches mit Funktionen wie Videokonferenz, Breakout rooms und Screen-Share f&#252;r Webinare empfohlen wird <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Im Vorfeld erhielten die TN eine Anleitung zur Erstellung von MC-Fragen und zur Einrichtung von SWITCHinteract (inkl. Testlogin). Der Ablauf der Workshops war an den Ablauf von Pr&#228;senz-Workshops angelehnt (siehe Tabelle 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.2. Umfrage</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Die TN wurden mit einem anonymen Online-Fragebogen (Questback Unipark, &#91;<Hyperlink href="https:&#47;&#47;www.unipark.com&#47;">https:&#47;&#47;www.unipark.com&#47;</Hyperlink>&#93;) befragt zu Durchf&#252;hrung, Eignung und Pr&#228;ferenz des Workshop-Formates. Der Fragebogen enthielt 5 demographische, 17 geschlossene Fragen mit 6-stufiger Likert-Skala bzw. passender Nominal- oder Ordinalskala und 4 optionale Freitextfragen. Der Fragebogen wurde f&#252;r diese Studie neu entwickelt. Die TN erhielten nach dem Workshop einen Link zur freiwilligen Umfrage.</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>3.3. Analyse</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Alle Ergebnisse sind deskriptiv dargestellt. Aufgrund der kleinen Fallzahl wurden keine statistischen Vergleiche berechnet. Die Freitextkommentare wurden hinsichtlich wiederkehrender Themen analysiert. Im Folgenden werden nur die Ergebnisse zu denjenigen 16 Fragen dargestellt, welche f&#252;r die Beantwortung der Fragestellungen relevant sind.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="4. Results">
      <MainHeadline>4. Results</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The response rate was 88&#37; (21&#47;24 participants).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.1. Demography</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>38&#37; of the participants had previous experience as question authors, 14&#37; with question workshops (see table 3 <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2. Implementation </SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Overall, the participants rated the implementation (organization, schedule, support, content) as good (see table 4 <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.3. Suitability</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>On average, the participants were (rather) skeptical in advance whether the virtual implementation was suitable. In the end, the online format and SWITCHinteract were considered suitable on average. The majority of the participants were happy about the elimination of the travel time, which would have added up to 46 hours (see table 5 <ImgLink imgNo="5" imgType="table"/>). External factors disturbed 43&#37; of participants moderately (see table 6 <ImgLink imgNo="6" imgType="table"/>). In the free text questions a few aspects were mentioned several times (see table 7 <ImgLink imgNo="7" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.4. Preference </SubHeadline2><Pgraph>There was no clear preference for a workshop format. The majority of participants saw advantages and disadvantages in both formats (see figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.5. Question output</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>In both workshops the expected question output was exceeded (see table 8 <ImgLink imgNo="8" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="4. Ergebnisse">
      <MainHeadline>4. Ergebnisse</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die R&#252;cklaufquote betrug 88&#37; (21&#47;24 Teilnehmende (TN)).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.1. Demografie</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Vorerfahrung als FragenautorIn hatten 38&#37; der TN, 14&#37; mit Fragen-Workshops (siehe Tabelle 3 <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.2. Durchf&#252;hrung </SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Die Durchf&#252;hrung (Organisation, Ablauf, Betreuung, Inhalt) wurde von den TN insgesamt gut beurteilt (siehe Tabelle 4 <ImgLink imgNo="4" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.3. Eignung</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Die TN waren im Mittel im Vorfeld (eher) skeptisch, ob die virtuelle Durchf&#252;hrung geeignet sei. Abschliessend wurden das Online-Format und SWITCHinteract im Mittel als geeignet betrachtet. Die Mehrheit der TN war froh &#252;ber den Wegfall der Reisezeit, die sich insgesamt auf 46h addiert h&#228;tte (siehe Tabelle 5 <ImgLink imgNo="5" imgType="table"/>). &#196;ussere Faktoren st&#246;rten 43&#37; der TN m&#228;ssig (siehe Tabelle 6 <ImgLink imgNo="6" imgType="table"/>). In den Freitextfragen wurden wenige Aspekte mehrfach genannt (siehe Tabelle 7 <ImgLink imgNo="7" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.4. Pr&#228;ferenz </SubHeadline2><Pgraph>Es zeigte sich keine eindeutige Pr&#228;ferenz eines Workshop-Formates. Die Mehrheit der TN sah Vor- und Nachteile in beiden Formaten (siehe Abbildung 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>).</Pgraph><SubHeadline2>4.5. Fragenoutput</SubHeadline2><Pgraph>In beiden Workshops wurde der erwartete Fragenoutput &#252;bertroffen (siehe Tabelle 8 <ImgLink imgNo="8" imgType="table"/>).</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="5. Discussion">
      <MainHeadline>5. Discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>This study examined the suitability of online workshops for the development of MC questions. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The participants were satisfied with the implementation and found the online format and the tool used to be suitable, although there were some online skeptics in the run-up to the workshop. A total of 46 hours of travel time was saved, which the majority of participants found to be an advantage. The majority (57&#37;) of the participants showed no preference, 29&#37; preferred an online format and 14&#37; a face-to-face format. The expected question output was exceeded in both workshops. External factors disturbed 43&#37; of the participants moderately. Technical problems were most frequently mentioned as an aspect in need of improvement in the free text questions.</Pgraph><Pgraph>With the implementation judged to be good and the online format perceived as suitable, questions 1 and 2 can be answered positively. Together with the high question output, this indicates that the procedure, content and expected output of the face-to-face workshop were transferable to the online format. The reported time savings and related cost and CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> savings were also described in other publications <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Our results lead to the conclusion that technical aspects should be optimally prepared (detailed advance information on the online tool, test login, function of microphone&#47;camera&#47;screen share, stable Internet, quiet environment) in order to minimize disruptive factors as much as possible.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The majority of the participants did not have a clear format preference, but more participants who stated a preference preferred the online format, which confirms the results of <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Limitations of this study are the small number of participants and the fact that it cannot be assessed at this point whether the quality of the questions (performance in exams) is comparably high. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Based on the available results, online workshops for the development of MC questions can be regarded as a resource-saving and efficient alternative to face-to-face workshops. In addition to optimal technical preparation, increased use and optimization of online tools could facilitate implementation in the future and influence format preference.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="5. Diskussion">
      <MainHeadline>5. Diskussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Diese Studie untersuchte die Eignung von Online-Workshops f&#252;r die Erstellung von MC-Fragen. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Teilnehmenden (TN) waren zufrieden mit der Durchf&#252;hrung und empfanden das Online-Format sowie das eingesetzte Tool als geeignet, obwohl es im Vorfeld einige Online-Skeptiker gab. Insgesamt wurden 46h Reisezeit eingespart, was die TN mehrheitlich als Vorteil empfanden. Die Mehrheit (57&#37;) der TN zeigte keine Pr&#228;ferenz, 29&#37; bevorzugten ein Online- und 14&#37; ein Pr&#228;senz-Format. Der erwartete Fragenoutput wurde in beiden Workshops &#252;bertroffen. &#196;ussere Faktoren st&#246;rten 43&#37; der TN m&#228;ssig. Technische Probleme wurden am h&#228;ufigsten als verbesserungsw&#252;rdiger Aspekt in den Freitextfragen genannt.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Mit der als gut beurteilten Durchf&#252;hrung und dem als geeignet empfundenen Online-Format lassen sich Fragestellung 1 und 2 positiv beantworten. Zusammen mit dem hohen Fragenoutput spricht dies daf&#252;r, dass Ablauf, Inhalt und erwarteter Output des Pr&#228;senz-Workshops auf das Online-Format &#252;bertragbar waren. Die berichtete Zeitersparnis und damit zusammenh&#228;ngend Kosten- und CO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-Ersparnis wurde auch in anderen Publikation beschrieben <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Unsere Ergebnisse lassen schlussfolgern, dass technische Aspekte optimal vorbereitet werden sollten (detaillierte Vorabinformation zum Online-Tool, Test-Login, Funktion von Mikrofon&#47;Kamera&#47;Screen-Share, stabiles Internet, ruhige Umgebung) um St&#246;rfaktoren m&#246;glichst zu minimieren.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Mehrheit der TN hatte keine klare Format-Pr&#228;ferenz, wobei jedoch mehr TN, welche eine Pr&#228;ferenz nannten, das Online-Format bevorzugten, was die Ergebnisse von <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink> best&#228;tigt. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Limitationen dieser Studie sind die geringe Anzahl an TN und dass zum jetzigen Zeitpunkt noch nicht beurteilt werden kann ob auch die Qualit&#228;t der Fragen (Performance in Pr&#252;fungen) vergleichbar hoch ist. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Anhand der vorliegenden Resultate k&#246;nnen Online-Workshops zur Erstellung von MC-Fragen als ressourcenschonende und effiziente Alternative f&#252;r Pr&#228;senz-Workshops betrachtet werden. Neben einer optimalen technischen Vorbereitung k&#246;nnte auch die zunehmende Anwendung und Optimierung von Online-Tools zuk&#252;nftig die Umsetzung erleichtern und die Format-Pr&#228;ferenz beeinflussen.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Acknowledgement">
      <MainHeadline>Acknowledgement</MainHeadline><Pgraph>We would like to thank all participants for their commitment before and during the workshops and for participating in the survey.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Danksagung">
      <MainHeadline>Danksagung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Wir bedanken uns bei allen Teilnehmenden f&#252;r ihr Engagement im Vorfeld und w&#228;hrend der Workshops, sowie f&#252;r die Teilnahme an der Umfrage.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Competing interests">
      <MainHeadline>Competing interests</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Interessenkonflikt">
      <MainHeadline>Interessenkonflikt</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autor&#42;innen erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keinen Interessenkonflikt im Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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