000175
10.3205/000175
urn:nbn:de:0183-0001759
Research Article
Focal neuropathies following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) – preliminary study
Fokale Neuropathien nach perkutaner Nephrolithotomie (PCNL)
Nasseh
Nasseh
Hamidreza
H
Urology Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
author
Pourreza
Pourreza
Farshid
F
Urology Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, 41448 95596, Razi Hospital, Sardar Jangal Street, Rasht, Iran, Phone: 0098 131 5525259, fax: 0098 131 5525259Urology Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
pourreza.farshid@yahoo.com
author
Saberi
Saberi
Alia
A
Neurology Department, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
author
Kazemnejad
Kazemnejad
Ehsan
E
Urology Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
author
Kalantari
Kalantari
Behnam Behmardi
BB
Urology Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
author
Falahatkar
Falahatkar
Siavash
S
Urology Research Center, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
author
German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
Düsseldorf
610
percutaneous nephrollithotomy
neuropathy
complication
perkutane Nephrolithotomie
Komplikationen
Neuropathie
20130320
20130421
20130613
engl
1612-3174
11
GMS German Medical Science
GMS Ger Med Sci
07
Einleitung: Postoperative neurologische Komplikationen bei operativem Eingriff an Becken und Niere sind ein bekanntes klinisches Problem und deren Krankheitsverläufe sind wichtig. Wir planten diese Studie, um die Prävalenz und die Risikofaktoren derartiger Komplikationen nach perkutaner Nephrolithotomie (PCNL) zu erfassen.Material und Methoden: Von Februar bis Juli 2011 wurde eine Querschnittstudie an 68 PCNL-Fällen durchgeführt. Die demographischen Daten und die Operationsberichte wurden ausgewertet und umfassende neurologische und körperliche Untersuchungen wurden vor und nach dem chirurgischen Eingriff vorgenommen. Die Daten wurden mit der Software SPSS 18 analysiert.Ergebnisse: In die Studie einbezogen wurden 30 männliche (46,2%) und 35 (53,8%) weibliche Patienten mit einem mittleren Alter von 47,9 ± 11,47 Jahren. Bei 8 Patienten (12,31%), bei 4 Männern und 4 Frauen, wurden im Bereich des interkostalen und lumbosakralen Plexus sensorische neurologische Komplikationen gefunden. Die am häufigsten betroffenen Dermatome und Nerven waren im Bereich T 12 (8 Fälle). Es gab eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen der Dauer des chirurgischen Eingriffes und dem Vorkommen von sensorischen Komplikationen (p<0,010). Der höchste Abfall der Hämoglobinkonzentration nach dem chirurgischen Eingriff trat bei Patienten mit neurologischen Komplikationen auf (p<0,001). Es gab keine Korrelation zwischen Alter, gewähltem Zugang, Diabetes mellitus, BMI, Bluthochdruck, Lagerung der Patienten und Ort des chirurgischen Eingriffs und den beobachteten sensorischen neurologischen Komplikationen.Schlussfolgerung: Verlängerte Dauer der PCNL und erhöhter Abfall der Hämoglobinkonzentration können zu einem erhöhten Risiko für einer Neuropathie führen. Größere prospektive Studien mit retroperitonealen bildgebenden Untersuchungen und mit Verlaufskontrollen bei den Patienten werden vorgeschlagen, um diese Komplikation besser zu verstehen.
Introduction: Postoperative neurological complications in pelvic and renal surgery are a well-known clinical problem and their morbidities are important. We designed this study to determine prevalence and risk factors of such complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) surgery.Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was performed during February and July 2011 on 68 PCNL cases. Demographic data and surgery reports were gathered and comprehensive neurological physical examination carried out before and after surgery. Then, data was analyzed using software SPSS 18. Results: The ultimate sample included 30 (46.2%) male and 35 (53.8%) female patients with a mean age of 47.9 ± 11.47 years. In intercostal and lumbosacral plexus area, sensory neurological complications occurred in 8 patients (12.31%), 4 men and 4 women. The most common involved dermatomes and nerves were T12 (8 cases). There was a significant correlation between prolonged duration of surgery and prevalence of sensory complications (p<0.010). The highest hemoglobin value drop after surgery occurred in patients with neurological complications (p<0.001). There were no correlations between age, tracts used, diabetes mellitus, BMI, hypertension, positioning of patients and side of surgery with incidence of sensory neurological complications. No motor neurological complications occurred. Conclusion: Prolonged duration of PCNL and increased value of hemoglobin drop may lead to increased risk of neuropathy. Larger prospective studies with retroperitoneal imagings and patients’ follow up is suggested for better understanding of this complication.
IntroductionIn urology departments approximately one third of the operations are performed for urinary stone management, most of them using less invasive procedures . Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) is one of such procedures and is more common in academic hospitals , . Over the last decade, high successrate and low morbidity rate of PCNL developed its usage , . Although complications after PCNL are common, 80% are often minor and 20% are major including septicemia, bleeding, and damage to lung and colon , . Little is depicted on neurological complications following PCNL in the literature , , , , .In our center, we encountered complaints of ipsilateral abdominal wall and upper thigh numbness after PCNL. Regarding to the wide application of this procedure, investigation on its less-known complications seems fruitful. Thus, this study was designed to determine the frequency and risk factors of neurological defects following PCNL.
Materials and methodIn a cross-sectional study data of PCNL cases from February 2011 to July 2011were included. Age, gender, side, BMI and medical background of patients were registered. Comprehensive neurological physical examination considering neural dermatomes was carried out before the surgical operation on both sides by a single neurologist. The patients with unilateral neuropathy and asymmetrical pre-operation neurological examination were excluded from the study. The position of the patient during operation, operation time, number of the tracts used and preoperation and first day post-operation hemoglobin were registered, too. On 10th day after operation neurologic physical examination was repeated by the same neurologist and the type of nervous engagement and the name of the nerve engaged were described. All patients underwent general anesthesia and 2 surgeons carried out operations (one prone and one supine positions). Ureter stent was inserted at the beginning of the procedure in all patients and remained during hospitalization. Semirigid plastic dilation technique was used in all cases. In prone cases the nephrostomy tube was inserted at the end of procedure, but in supine was not due to surgeon preference. Rigid nephroscope and pneumatic lithoclast were used during procedures. None supracostal tract access was used and none of the patients was in uremia status. Then, data were analyzed by Chi-square, Fisher’s Exact and Independent T Test using software SPSS18. Urology research center ethical commitee approved the study.
ResultsOut of 68 patients who underwent PCNL from February 2011 to July 2011, three were excluded because of asymmetric neurologic examination before operation. From the rest (30 males and 35 females) with a mean age of 47.9 ±11.47, eight patients (4 male and 4 female) had abnormal neurologic examination on 10th day after operation (Table 1 ). According to the table, the most prevalent engaged dermatome were sub-abdominal dermatomes specially T12. One patient suffered paresthesia and dysesthesia of T10-11-12 dermatomes and ilioinguinal nerve, sensory branch of femoral nerve and lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh. Heterogeneous clinical presentations were seen. The sensory disorders observed in patients consisted of hypoesthesia, paresthesia, dysesthesia and/or a combination of several disorders as given in details in Table 2 . No other nervous system lesions (including obturator, genitofemoral nerves and brachial plexus), motor lesion, paraplegia or visual defects were observed. According to Table 3 , only operation time and hemoglobin drop was statistically different between the two groups. Neurologic lesions had occurred among the patients having had prolonged surgical operations.Mean hemoglobin rate among the patients suffering neurological problems before and after PCNL were 14.04 ± 1.28 and 10.18 ± 1.83 mg/dl respectively (versus the asymptomatic group of patients having the rate of 13.21 ± 1.55 and 11.34 ± 2.21 before and after PCNL). No significant correlation between the emergence of sensory neurologic problems and other factors were observed.
DiscussionIn the literature, postsurgical neuropathies have been reported after various operations such as aortic surgery, appendectomy, inguinal hernia repairment and radical perineal prostectomy , , . Thigh numbness and femoral nerve damage after kidney transplantation and lower limbs neuropathies after gynecological surgeries have been shown too.Heterogeneous causes have been assumed for these disorders including ischemia, hematoma pressure, posi<![CDATA[tioning,</PlainText></TextGroup> diabetes, patient’s thinness, duration of operation and application of retractor <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. These neuropathies may lead to pain, morbidity, reduction of the quality of life, economical problems and legal complaints <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. Flank incision is accompanied by complications such as pain, intercostals neuropathy, and incisional hernia in 8% to 50% of cases <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>, and even testicular pain <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> has been reported. Therefore, small and smaller incisions replace large ones <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>. One of such procedures is PCNL which makes access to kidney through dilatation. Although reports mentioning femoral neuropathy <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, lumbar hernia <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, blindness, brain emboli and neurological defects <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink> after this procedures exist.</Pgraph><Pgraph>At our institution cases were observed in which ipsilateral abdominal wall and upper thigh numbness, tenderness, and sometimes pain occurred after PCNL despite minimal invasive nature of the procedure. So we designed this study to determine prevalence and risk factors of neurological defects after PCNL.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Sensory neurological complications (touch and needle perception decrease) in intercostals and lumbosacral plexus area occurred in 8 patients (12.31%), in which gender distributed equally. The most common involved dermatomes and nerves were T12 (all involved cases). There was a significant correlation between prolonged duration of surgery and prevalence of sensory complications. The most hemoglobin value drop after surgery occurred in patients with neurological complications. No other nervous system lesions including motor lesion, paraplegia or visual defects were observed, so we can consider these sensory neuropathies as grade I of Clavien system <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Our study failed to reveal a meaningful correlation between patients’ age, DM, hypertension, tracts used, positioning of patients and side of surgery with incidence of sensory neurological deficits.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Regarding the finding that the commonest nerve involved was T12, one justification is direct damage and surgical trauma. Abdominal wall and skin are innervated by 7–12 intercostal nerves. The effect of PCNL access on intercostals nerves and vessels have been studied and lateral access was found to produce the most damages <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Direct nervous plexus trauma in minimal invasive PCNL procedure may occur and direct lumbar plexus trauma has been reported in pelvic kidney PCNL <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Although retroperitoneal imaging was not done in our study, another justification for neuropathy following PCNL is retroperitoneal blood accumulation and pressure effect on the nerves. Perinephric hematoma following PCNL has been reported in 30% of cases <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink> and even may lead to kidney displacement <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>. The relation between retroperitoneal hematoma and femoral neuropathy has been shown previously <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink> and there are similar studies on lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. The Hgb drop and duration of surgery which has been correlated to neuropathy following PCNL can be regarded as an indicator for surgical trauma and hematoma formation.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Urinoma formation and irrigation fluid accumulation have been reported in 2–7% of cases <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink> and may have similar effect as hematoma.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Some specialists believe that inflammatory or autoi<TextGroup><PlainText>mmune</PlainText></TextGroup> factors have some influence on postsurgical neuropathy and also lumbosacral damage following total hip arthroplasty and bilateral sciatic neuropathy following radical nephrectomy has been described <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. Anesthesia and ischemia may play a role in postoperative neuropathies <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Although, positioning has been found to be a risk factor in postoperative neuropathies <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, prone or supine position was not different in our study (Table 3 <ImgLink imgNo="3" imgType="table"/>). We did not observe motor lesion in patients but it may be due to small sample size as a single center study. The time of onset and end of damages were not investigated which can be considered as another limitation of study. Lack of retroperitoneal imaging prevented us to assess hemat<TextGroup><PlainText>oma</PlainText></TextGroup> and fluid pressure on nerves. We must consider this study as a preliminary one that should be pursued by larger multicenter analytic surveys. Our findings suggest that endourologists should avoid prolonged and kidney traumatizing PCNLs.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock linked="yes" name="Conclusions">
<MainHeadline>Conclusions</MainHeadline><Pgraph>To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of neurol<TextGroup><PlainText>ogical</PlainText></TextGroup> defects after PCNL. Prolonged procedure duration and increased value of hemoglobin drop may lead to increased risk of neuropathy. Larger prospective analytic studies with retroperitoneal imaging and patients’ longit<TextGroup><PlainText>udinal</PlainText></TextGroup> follow-up are suggested for better understanding of this complication.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock linked="yes" name="Abbreviations">
<MainHeadline>Abbreviations</MainHeadline><Pgraph>PCNL – percutaneous nephrolithotomy</Pgraph><Pgraph>SWL – shock wave lithotripsy </Pgraph><Pgraph>Hgb – hemoglobin </Pgraph><Pgraph>IC – intercostals</Pgraph><Pgraph>BMI – body mass index</Pgraph></TextBlock>
<TextBlock linked="yes" name="Notes">
<MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Competing interests</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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<Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Table 1: Results of postoperation neurologic examination and nerve involvement</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
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<Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Table 3: Comparison of neurologic symptomatic group with asymptomatic group</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption>
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