Optimizing digital ear canal scanning protocols for hearing aid acoustics: Balancing efficiency and accuracy in clinical practice

zaud000095 10.3205/zaud000095 urn:nbn:de:0183-zaud0000958 Short Report Optimizing digital ear canal scanning protocols for hearing aid acoustics: Balancing efficiency and accuracy in clinical practice Optimierung digitaler Gehörgangscans für die Hörgeräteakustik: Abwägung zwischen Effizienz und Genauigkeit in der Praxis Kreikemeier Kreikemeier Steffen S

Kompetenzzentrum für Audiologie, Hochschule Aalen, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, GermanyCenter of Excellence in Audiology, Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Germany

steffen.kreikemeier@hs-aalen.de author Mallwitz Mallwitz Henrik Holger HH

Center of Excellence in Audiology, Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Aalen, Germany

author German Medical Science GMS Publishing House

Düsseldorf

610 ear canal scanner ear impression additive manufacturing geometric comparison earmolds Gehörgangscanner Ohrabformung additive Fertigung Soll-Ist-Vergleich Otoplastiken 20260819 engl This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung). 2628-9083 8 GMS Zeitschrift für Audiologie - Audiological Acoustics GMS Z Audiol (Audiol Acoust) 18 Bundesministerium für Forschung, Technologie und Raumfahrt Die Digitalisierung der Abformverfahren für den Gehörgang hat die Akustik von Hörgeräten revolutioniert, sodass mittlerweile über 90% der Labore bei der Herstellung von Otoplastiken auf digitale Verfahren setzen. Das optimale Gleichgewicht zwischen Scan-Effizienz und Genauigkeit ist in der klinischen Praxis jedoch noch wenig erforscht. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Reproduzierbarkeit von Gehörgangscans über drei Protokolle hinweg untersucht, die sich in Scandauer unterschieden: kurz (30–60 s), mittel (70–120 s) und umfassend (140–210 s</PlainText></TextGroup>). Kürzere Scanzeiten führten zu Fehlstellen der gescannten Gehörgangoberfläche im digitalen Modell. Unter Verwendung eines idealisierten Standard Triangle Language (STL) Modells als Referenzgeometrie wurden intraindividuelle Wiederholungsmessreihen mit aufeinanderfolgenden Scans pro Protokoll von unterschiedlichen Untersuchern durchgeführt. Die statistische Analyse umfasste deskriptive Metriken, Normalitätstests und nichtparametrische Gruppenvergleiche. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine hohe Konsistenz über alle Protokolle hinweg, mit mittleren Abweichungen unter 0,2 mm – was deutlich innerhalb der Toleranzen der additiven Fertigung liegt. Das kurze Protokoll wies die größte Variabilität auf (Mittelwert –0,11 mm, SD: 0,05 mm), während das mittlere (Mittelwert: –0,05 mm, SD: 0,02 mm) und das umfassende Protokoll (Mittelwert: –0,04 mm, SD: 0,02 mm) vernachlässigbare Unterschiede zeigten. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bereits Scan-Dauern von nur 30–60 s die praktische Genauigkeit gewährleisten und effiziente klinische Arbeitsabläufe ermöglichen, ohne die Präzision zu beeinträchtigen. Die Studie liefert empirische Belege für die Optimierung digitaler Scanprotokolle bei der Hörgeräteanpassung und schließt damit eine kritische Lücke in der audiologischen Praxis.</Pgraph></Abstract> <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph>The digitization of ear canal impression processes has transformed hearing aid acoustics, with over 90% of laboratories now employing digital manufacturing for earmolds. However, the optimal balance between scan efficiency and accuracy remains underexplored in clinical practice. In the present study the reproducibility of ear canal scans across three protocols varying in duration of the scans short (30–60 s), medium (70–120 s), and comprehensive (140–210 s) was investigated. Shorter scan times resulted intentionally in missing data in the digital surface. Using an idealized Standard Triangle Language (STL) model as a reference geometry, intra-individual repetitive measurement series with consecutive scans per protocol were conducted by different investigators. Statistical analysis included descriptive metrics, normality testing, and non-parametric group comparisons. The results indicate high consistency across all protocols, with mean deviations below 0.2 mm, which is well within the tolerances of additive manufacturing. The short protocol exhibited the largest variability (mean –0.11 mm, SD: 0.05 mm), while medium (mean –0.05 mm, SD: 0.02 mm) and comprehensive (mean –0.04 mm, SD: 0.02 mm) protocols showed negligible differences. These findings demonstrate that scan durations as brief as 30–60 s preserve practical accuracy, enabling efficient clinical workflows without compromising precision. The study provides empirical evidence for optimizing digital scanning protocols in hearing aid fitting, addressing a critical gap in audiologic practice.</Pgraph></Abstract> <TextBlock name="1 Introduction" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>1 Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Manual ear canal impressions with silicone are the standard procedure in Germany. It takes 10–15 min to perform the impressions for both ears. This time could be used for optimizing the hearing aid fitting <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. The silicone impression is then digitalized, which takes an additional step in the process. The digitization of ear canal impression processes has revolutionized hearing aid acoustics, with over 90% of laboratories now relying on digital manufacturing for earmolds. This shift has enabled precise 3D capture of ear canal anatomy, forming the basis for additive manufacturing of customized hearing aid components <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. However, the clinical adoption of digital scanning protocols remains inconsistent, particularly regarding the trade-off between scan duration and accuracy. While longer scans theoretically yield a higher amount of data for the digital model, their practical utility in routine clinical settings is limited by time constraints and patient comfort <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The acoustic properties of the ear canal play a critical role in hearing aid performance, as even minor deviations in geometry can significantly alter sound transmission or comfort <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. Previous studies have highlighted the importance of accurate ear molds for optimizing hearing aid fitting and venting <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Nevertheless, the reproducibility of digital scanning protocols under varying durations has not been systematically evaluated, leaving a gap in evidence-based guidelines for clinical practice. This study investigates the variability of digital scanning protocols to identify parameters that balance efficiency with clinical accuracy. It is hypothesized that shorter scan durations (30–60 s) can achieve sufficient precision for hearing aid manufacturing without compromising practical utility. The objective is to determine whether reducing scan time significantly impacts the reproducibility of ear canal models, thereby optimizing workflows for hearing care professionals and if too intensive scanning increases errors. By empirically validating the feasibility of shorter scan protocols, this study contributes to the broader goal of improving patient outcomes through optimized technological integration and sustainability <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. </Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="2 Materials and methods" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>2 Materials and methods</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The study employed a systematic approach to evaluate the reproducibility of ear canal scans across three distinct protocols. Technical details of the experimental design and statistical analysis are presented below, organized into focused subsections.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>2.1 Hard- and software</SubHeadline><Pgraph>An artificial ear canal was designed using the software Siemens NX version 1980 and printed on an Asiga with the Composer 2.0.4 using the resin pro3dure printodent GR-13. Scans of the artificial ear canal were performed with the Natus Otoscan version 1.7.12883.0. The primary metric was the mean deviation (in mm) from the reference geometry, calculated across the entire ear canal surface with the software Geomagic Design X version 2024.2.0. The standardized test body consisted of a digitalized outer ear of a real human and an, in the Computer Aided Design (CAD) software Siemens NX designed, straight ear canal with sharp edges. For the statistics, JMP <TextGroup><PlainText>version 19</PlainText></TextGroup> was used.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>2.2 Experimental design and scanning protocols</SubHeadline><Pgraph>A standardized test body was developed based on an idealized STL model of a typical human ear canal, serving as the reference geometry for all measurements. <TextGroup><PlainText>A straight</PlainText></TextGroup> ear canal was chosen to get scan results even from investigators who do not have any experience with the scanner. Straight ear canals are in general easier to scan with the used ear canal scanner. The sharp edges were implemented to analyze in future studies if the scanner can pick up the details of these edges. Intra-in<TextGroup><PlainText>dividua</PlainText></TextGroup>l repetitive measurement series with consecutive scans per protocol were conducted by seven different investigators. Three scanning protocols were implemented with varying durations and resulting quantities of missing data:</Pgraph><Pgraph><Indentation>a) Short Protocol: 30–60 s per ear, producing scans with noticeable missing data (yellow contour)<LineBreak></LineBreak>b) Medium Protocol: 70–120 s per ear, yielding minimal missing data (black contour)<LineBreak></LineBreak>c) Comprehensive Protocol: 140–210 s per ear, generating complete scans without missing data (see Figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure" />)</Indentation></Pgraph><SubHeadline>2.3 Statistical analysis</SubHeadline><Pgraph>To examine the distribution properties of the dependent variable, a Shapiro–Wilk test for normality was conducted. A Levene test was used to verify the assumption of homogeneity of variances, if the assumptions for a classical one-way ANOVA are fulfilled. A Kruskal–Wallis test was conducted to identify any global differences in all three groups. To further examine the differences between the groups, a nonparametric Mann–Whitney U test was used for pairwise comparisons of the group types (yellow contour, black contour, no missing data). To control for the increased probability of error resulting from the multiple pairwise comparisons, the resulting p-values were adjusted using the Bonferroni correction. </Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="3 Results" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>3 Results</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The dataset comprised continuous measurements of geometric deviation for each protocol group. Yellow contour (n=25), black contour (n=33) and no missing data (n=30). The number of scans performed by the participating investigators that met the specified criteria varies. If the scans did not meet the criteria for yellow contours regarding missing data, because no data were actually missing, the data had to be excluded. This resulted in varying numbers of data sets for each protocol group. Descriptive statistics including means and standard deviations (SD) are shown in Table 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table" />. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The averaged maximum deviations from the reference geometry remained below 0.2 mm. Greater deviations could only be observed in areas not relevant for earmolds. When comparing protocol performance, minimal differences emerged in the resulting geometries. An example of the comparison of digital impression with the software Geomagic Design X is shown in Figure 2 <ImgLink imgNo="2" imgType="figure" />. The short protocol (30–60 s) exhibited the largest variability, as anticipated. However, even these scans achieved clinically acceptable precision, with mean deviations of –0.11 mm (SD: 0.05 mm). The medium protocol (70–120 s) showed improved consistency, reducing deviations to <0.06 mm when scans contained only minor missing data. The comprehensive protocol (140–210 s) demonstrated the highest precision, though the marginal improvement over the medium protocol did not appear clinically significant. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Assumption testing revealed that while two groups (yellow and black contours) showed no significant deviations from normality (Shapiro-Wilk p=0.105 for yellow contours and p=0.771 for black contours respectively), the no missing data group violated this assumption (p<0.001). The Levene test confirmed significant variance heterog<TextGroup><PlainText>enei</PlainText></TextGroup>ty (p<0.001), necessitating non-parametric approaches. Therefore, the conditions for a classical one-way ANOVA are not fully met. The primary analysis employed a Kruskal-Wallis test with post-hoc Mann-Whitney U tests (Bonferroni-corrected with α<Subscript>korr</Subscript>=0.0167). </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Yellow contours vs. black contours</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The comparison between data of the yellow contours and black contours showed highly significant differences (p<Subscript>korr</Subscript><0.001), with the data of the yellow contours exhibiting substantially larger deviations. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Yellow contours vs. no missing data</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The contrast between data of the yellow contours and the group with no missing data also demonstrated significant differences (p<Subscript>korr</Subscript><0.001). </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Black contours vs. no missing data</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The most clinically relevant comparison between the data of black contours and the group with no missing data showed no significant difference after Bonferroni correction (p<Subscript>korr</Subscript>=0.086).</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="4 Discussion" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>4 Discussion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>These findings suggest that scan duration primarily affects measurement variability rather than absolute accuracy of the scanner. The scanner is accurate every time, but the software needs to interpolate the missing data which results in different geometries of the final STL file. The transition from short to medium protocols yielded the most substantial improvement in consistency, while the additional time investment in comprehensive scans provided diminishing returns. This pattern aligns with theoretical expectations about the amount of scan data and the surface reconstruction accuracy <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. The geometric deviations observed in this study fall below the threshold known to affect hearing aid acoustics, as previous research indicates that variations <0.3 mm have negligible impact on sound transmission characteristics and is within the accepted manufacturing tolerances for the additive fabrication processes <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The experimental design controlled for potential confounding factors by using a standardized test body and consistent scanning conditions. This methodological framework ensures that the findings are both statistically rigorous and clinically interpretable, providing actionable insights for hearing care professionals implementing digital scanning workflows. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Prior to conducting comparative analyses, the dataset underwent rigorous assumption testing to ensure the validity of statistical inferences. The Shapiro-Wilk test evaluated normality across protocol groups, revealing distinct distribution patterns. While the short protocol (yellow contours, p=0.105) and medium protocol (black contours, p=0.771) showed no significant deviations from normality, the comprehensive protocol (no missing data) exhibited clear non-normality (p<0.001). This pattern suggests that extended scan durations may produce measurement distributions that violate parametric assumptions. The Levene test for variance homogeneity yielded significant results (p<0.001). Indicating substantial differences in variability across protocol groups. This heteroscedasticity was visually apparent in the spread of deviation measurements, with the short protocol showing approximately 3.3 times greater variability than the comprehensive protocol. Such variance inequality, combined with the non-normality in the comprehensive group (no missing data), necessitated nonparametric analytical approaches to maintain statistical rigor <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The findings of this study carry significant implications for both clinical practice and future research in hearing aid acoustics. The demonstration that scan duration as brief as 30–60 s can maintain clinically acceptable accuracy challenges conventional assumptions about digital ear canal scanning. For practitioners, this suggests that workflow efficiency can be substantially improved without compromising the precision required for hearing aid manufacturing. The medium protocol (70–120 s) emerges as particularly promising, offering near-equivalent accuracy to comprehensive scans while reducing the time the patient must spend at the hearing care professional by approximately 40%. This balance between speed and precision could enhance patient throughput while maintaining the quality standards demanded by additive manufacturing processes. Several methodological considerations warrant discussion. Mølhave et al. complained about problems with the scan software as well as scanning failures because of hairs and wax <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. Therefore, an artificial ear and ear canal was used and did not show any of the reported difficulties. The use of an idealized STL model as a reference geometry, while providing standardized measurement conditions, may not fully capture the anatomical variability encountered in clinical practice. The study’s focus on geometric deviations also does not account for potential interactions between scan quality and hearing aid acoustic performance, which could be influenced by factors such as vent placement or receiver positioning <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Furthermore, the repetitive measurement design, while controlling for intra-operator variability, does not reflect the full spectrum of clinical challenges including patient movement, cerumen presence, or difficult canal anatomies. These limitations suggest that while the core findings are robust under controlled conditions, real-world implementation may require additional validation studies.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="5 Conclusion" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>5 Conclusion</MainHeadline><Pgraph>This study demonstrates that digital ear canal scanning protocols can be significantly optimized without compromising the accuracy required for hearing aid manufacturing. The findings confirm that scan durations as brief as 30–60 s yield geometric deviations well within clinical tolerances, while medium-duration protocols (70–120 s) achieve near-equivalent precision to comprehensive scans. The robust statistical analyses reveal a relationship between scan duration and measurement accuracy, suggesting the existence of practical thresholds beyond which extended scanning provides diminishing returns. These insights directly address a critical gap in audiologic practice by providing empirical evidence for protocol optimization. Future research should investigate adaptive scanning algorithms and real-world validation across diverse anatomical variations to further refine these protocols. The study’s outcomes enable more efficient clinical workflows while maintaining the high precision standards essential for personalized hearing solutions.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <TextBlock name="Notes" linked="yes"> <MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Conference presentation</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This contribution was presented at the 28<Superscript>th</Superscript> Annual Conference of the German Society of Audiology and published as an abstract <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Use of AI</SubHeadline><Pgraph>To ensure linguistic precision and clarity, AI-assisted tools were utilized during the preparation of this manuscript. Specifically, DeepL (<Hyperlink href="https://www.deepl.com">https://www.deepl.com</Hyperlink>, version 26.5.1, used between April and June 2026) was employed to assist with the translation of technical terms. Subsequently, Writefull (<Hyperlink href="https://my.writefull.com">https://my.writefull.com</Hyperlink>, version 2025.59.0(#1326), used between April and June 2026) was used for academic copyediting, enhancing the sentence structure, and ensuring compliance with standard scientific English. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Funding</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This work was supported by the KMU-innovativ <TextGroup><PlainText>program, funded</PlainText></TextGroup> by the German Federal Ministry of Research, Technology and Space (BMFTR), funding code 13XP5223B.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Competing interests</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests.</Pgraph></TextBlock> <References linked="yes"> <Reference refNo="1"> <RefAuthor>Chua KW</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Yeo HKH</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Tan CKL</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Martinez JC</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Goh ZH</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Dritsas S</RefAuthor> <RefAuthor>Simpson RE</RefAuthor> <RefTitle>A Novel Ear Impression-Taking Method Using Structured Light Imaging and Machine Learning: A Pilot Proof of Concept Study with Patients' Feedback on Prototype</RefTitle> <RefYear>2024</RefYear> <RefJournal>J Clin Med</RefJournal> <RefPage>1214</RefPage> <RefTotal>Chua KW, Yeo HKH, Tan CKL, Martinez JC, Goh ZH, Dritsas S, Simpson RE. 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DOI: 10.3205/26dga232</RefTotal> <RefLink>https://doi.org/10.3205/26dga232</RefLink> </Reference> </References> <Media> <Tables> <Table format="png"> <MediaNo>1</MediaNo> <MediaID>1</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Table 1: Descriptive statistics of geometric deviations across scanning protocols</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Table> <NoOfTables>1</NoOfTables> </Tables> <Figures> <Figure width="672" height="387" format="png"> <MediaNo>1</MediaNo> <MediaID>1</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 1: Scan results of an ear canal. a) Short protocol (yellow contour), b) medium protocol (black contour), c) comprehensive protocol without missing data</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <Figure width="608" height="529" format="png"> <MediaNo>2</MediaNo> <MediaID>2</MediaID> <Caption><Pgraph><Mark1>Figure 2: Comparison of two digital impressions with Geomagic Design X</Mark1></Pgraph></Caption> </Figure> <NoOfPictures>2</NoOfPictures> </Figures> <InlineFigures> <NoOfPictures>0</NoOfPictures> </InlineFigures> <Attachments> <NoOfAttachments>0</NoOfAttachments> </Attachments> </Media> </OrigData> </GmsArticle>