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    <ArticleType language="en">Review Article</ArticleType>
    <ArticleType language="de">&#220;bersichtsarbeit</ArticleType>
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      <Title language="en">Quality indicators in intensive care medicine: why&#63; Use or burden for the intensivist</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in der Intensivmedizin: wozu&#63; Nutzen oder Last f&#252;r Intensivmediziner</TitleTranslated>
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          <Affiliation>Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; - University Medicine Berlin, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Dept. of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Pain Therapy and Emergency Medicine, Ludwigsburg, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Klinik f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie, Intensivmedizin, Schmerztherapie und Notfallmedizin, Klinikum Ludwigburg, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; - University Medicine Berlin, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Klinik f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie m. S. operative Intensivmedizin, Charit&#233; - Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Helios Hospital Berlin Buch, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Helios Klinikum Berlin Buch, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Dept. of Cardiac and Vascular Surgery, Military Central Homebase Hospital Koblenz, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Abteilung f&#252;r Herz- und Gef&#228;&#223;chirurgie, Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Hospital G&#246;ppingen, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Dept. Anaesthesiology, Emergency- and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital G&#246;ttingen, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Zentrum An&#228;sthesiologie, Rettungs- und Intensivmedizin, Universit&#228;tsklinikum G&#246;ttingen, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; - University Medicine Berlin, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Klinik f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie m. S. operative Intensivmedizin, Charit&#233; - Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <Firstname>Christian</Firstname>
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          <Affiliation>Dept. of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Klinik f&#252;r Unfallchirurgie, Universit&#228;tsklinikum Essen, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <AcademicTitle>Prof. Dr. med.</AcademicTitle>
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        <Address language="en">Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; - University Medicine Berlin, Charit&#233; Centrum 7, Charit&#233;platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany, Tel. 0049 30 450531012<Affiliation>Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; - University Medicine Berlin, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
        <Address language="de">Klinik f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie m. S. operative Intensivmedizin Charit&#233; - Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, Charit&#233; Centrum 7, Charit&#233;platz 1, 10117 Berlin, Deutschland, Tel. 0049 30 450531012<Affiliation>Klinik f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie m. S. operative Intensivmedizin, Charit&#233; - Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland</Affiliation></Address>
        <Email>claudia.spies&#64;charite.de</Email>
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            <Corporatename>NeQuI (quality network in intensive care medicine)</Corporatename>
            <CorporateHeading>NeQuI (quality network in intensive care medicine)</CorporateHeading>
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            <Corporatename>NeQuI (Netzwerk Qualit&#228;t in der Intensivmedizin)</Corporatename>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
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        <Address>D&#252;sseldorf</Address>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <Keyword language="en">quality indicators</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">quality management</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">intensive care medicine</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">quality of therapy</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">outcome</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Qualit&#228;tsindikator</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Qualit&#228;tsmanagement</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Intensivmedizin</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Behandlungsqualit&#228;t</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Outcome</Keyword>
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    <DateReceived>20100830</DateReceived>
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    <DatePublished>20100928</DatePublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
    <LanguageTranslation>germ</LanguageTranslation>
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        <ISSN>1612-3174</ISSN>
        <Volume>8</Volume>
        <JournalTitle>GMS German Medical Science</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS Ger Med Sci</JournalTitleAbbr>
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    <ArticleNo>22</ArticleNo>
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    <Abstract language="de" linked="yes"><Pgraph>Um die (Behandlungs-)Qualit&#228;t zu verbessern, muss man die eigenen Alltagsprozesse kennen und evaluieren, Transparenz erzeugen. Die Reflexion kann durch die Pr&#228;sentation von Kennzahlen oder Indikatoren unterst&#252;tzt werden, in denen der tats&#228;chliche IST-Zustand dargestellt wird. Um dieses IST aufzuzeigen werden Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren ben&#246;tigt. Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren zeigen den Erreichungsgrad einer spezifischen Qualit&#228;t hin. Stellt sich ein Indikator als nicht mehr relevant heraus oder wird ein Erreichungsgrad von 100&#37; erzielt, ist die weitere Erfassung eines solchen Indikators &#252;berfl&#252;ssig.</Pgraph><Pgraph>F&#252;r die Intensivmedizin gibt es in unterschiedlichen L&#228;ndern Untersuchungen von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren. In standardisierten Verfahren wurden jeweils verschiede Indikatoren detektiert, die eine Relevanz besitzen in Hinblick auf die medizinische Behandlungsqualit&#228;t und damit auf das Outcome von Intensivpatienten. </Pgraph><Pgraph>In enger Abstimmung haben in Deutschland die intensivmedizinischen Fachgesellschaften 10 Kern-Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r die Intensivmedizin verabschiedet, die mit einer G&#252;ltigkeit von 2 Jahren f&#252;r deutsche Intensivstationen empfohlen werden.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph>In order to improve quality (of therapy), one has to know, evaluate and make transparent, one&#8217;s own daily processes. This process of reflection can be supported by the presentation of key data or indicators, in which the real as-is state can be represented.  Quality indicators are required in order to depict the as-is state.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Quality indicators reflect adherence to specific quality measures. Continuing registration of an indicator is useless once it becomes irrelevant or adherence is 100&#37;.  </Pgraph><Pgraph>In the field of intensive care medicine, studies of quality indicators have been performed in some countries. Quality indicators relevant for medical quality and outcome in critically ill patients have been identified by following standardized approaches.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Different German societies of intensive care medicine have finally agreed on 10 core quality indicators that will be valid for two years and are currently recommended in German intensive care units (ICUs).</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Quality indicators in medicine: the search for meaning">
      <MainHeadline>Quality indicators in medicine: the search for meaning</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The legal requirement of hospitals (Pursuant to &#167;137, Volume V of the German Social Security Code) to engage with Quality Management, is frequently perceived to be a tedious duty.  This is due to Quality Management frequently appearing to be bureaucratic and removed from routine practice.  This complicates daily clinical practice with additional paperwork and certification formalities.  Quality Management in this form is being incorrectly implemented because the starting point is not routine practice but practice-distant constructions. Vagts, Bauer and Martin <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink> have explicitly described this in their article on the meaning of certification.  In order to improve quality (of therapy), one has to know, evaluate and make transparent, one&#8217;s own daily processes.  That is the real driving force behind quality management.  The target outcome quality depends on structure and process quality.  These are the three interacting dimensions of quality management, as described by Donabedian <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>.  The first challenge in quality management is to define which resources are necessary for the required outcome quality.  The formation of clinical processes belongs to the core of medical practice and is at the same time the second challenge.  This is especially true for such a process intense and interface rich area as intensive care medicine.  There is hardly any other area where processes have such direct vital consequences, where information hand over and failure causes such immediate implications, as in intensive care medicine.</Pgraph><Pgraph>All the problems of quality management in medicine can be reduced to two questions each of theory and practice.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Theory:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Are their therapy standards and individualized therapy concepts&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Are the principles of therapy&#47;therapy standards evidence based, i.e. is there a guideline compliant therapy model&#63;</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Practice:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Is the clinical routine so organized that errors are minimized&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Does the patient normally receive what we would like to believe they receive or what we are trying to achieve&#63;  </ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>In order to be able to answer these questions one requires transparency regarding one&#8217;s own actions.  This process of reflection can be supported by the presentation of key data or indicators, in which the real as-is state can be represented.  Quality indicators are required in order to depict the as-is state.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Quality indicators are measurements, whose value helps to distinguish between good and bad structural processes and outcome quality.  Quality is not measured directly this way; rather the indicators represent surrogate markers that indirectly but numerically map quality.  Quality indicators should be based on the best available evidence&#47;be derived from the scientific literature or should at least, in the case of absence of empiric evidence, be based on expert consensus.  That also means that quality indicators can and must be evaluated on the basis of the evidence supporting them <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The classification of quality indicators is according to the quality dimension at which the indicator is aimed.  Analogous to the classification of quality dimensions by Donabedian <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, quality indicators correspond to <TextGroup><PlainText>structure-,</PlainText></TextGroup> process- and outcome quality.  Structure or process indicators can only be valid indicators if it is possible to demonstrate a positive effect on outcome.  A quality indicator can simultaneously reflect structure- and process-quality or process- and outcome-quality.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Quality indicators are control systems in the context of medical quality management, serve to improve quality and are a tool to for mapping or evaluating daily actions.   They are not an end in themselves. Indicators should have been accepted by all members of the ICU team and their measurement should be objective.  In order that the quality indicators are accepted, they should be compliant with the RUMBA-rule. According to the RUMBA rule, the requirements of indicators are as follows:</Pgraph><Pgraph></Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1."><Mark1>R</Mark1>elevant to the problem</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2."><Mark1>U</Mark1>nderstandable</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3."><Mark1>M</Mark1>easurable (with high dependability and validity)</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4."><Mark1>B</Mark1>ehaviourable (changeable through behavior)</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="5" numString="5."><Mark1>A</Mark1>chievable and feasible</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>These requirements are necessary, in order to be able to have any influence at all on the daily routine of the relevant stakeholders in the ICU <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>.  The relevance for patients must be clear to medical personnel, in order that necessary changes in process really are implemented.  Nursing staff especially, as those who carry out most of the bedside processes, must be involved in the design and development of patient-near processes, in order that the bridge in quality management between theory and practice can be crossed.  For nurses, it is self-evident that they take on the role of the &#8220;patient advocate&#8221; and this should be used productively regarding quality improving measures, in that awareness of the relevance of the quality indicators is conveyed <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>.  If it is not conveyed, that a certain measure is of benefit to patients, there will be problems with the implementation of this measure in routine practice.  The indicators should not require any additional documentation, rather it should ideally be possible to collate them using routine documentation.  Additional burdens of work lead to errors in data collection. An electronic patient data management system (PDMS) has been described by some authors as being very advantageous <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The whole purpose of the indicators is to determine whether in specific areas problems with the implementation of specific therapy forms exist, and whether after successful measurement and presentation of the results an about-turn towards improvement follows.  Quality indicators are suitable for showing a team weakness and potential for improvement and for making successes visible.  At the beginning of the introduction of quality indicators, regular measurement and presentation of the results have to take place.  On the other hand, the requirement for regular measurement of an indicator lapses when uptake reaches 100&#37;.  This also arises out of the fact that the indicators have a limited life span and must, after a defined period of use, be reevaluated with respect to their efficacy and validity.  If one cannot achieve any (positive) development by using a quality indicator, the observation of this indicator should be viewed as a waste of time, and one should examine whether there are indicators better suited to the support of positive development <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Deming and Shewart&#39;s PDCA-cycle (Figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>) aids regular evaluation <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>.  Regular working through of the cycle supports the desired continuous improvement process and helps the team to implement the desired quality improving measures more quickly and effectively and to lead to an enduring improvement in quality.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The principal possible applications of quality indicators are in internal and external control of medical care as well as as tools for continuous improvement.  The use of quality indicators serves:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">the measurement of the current degree of implementation (evaluation)</ListItem><ListItem level="1">the description of changes in the degree of implementation over time (monitoring)</ListItem><ListItem level="1">identifies situations that require intervention (alarm function)</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>The monitoring of individual quality development is in this way to be seen as much more important than the possibility of comparing oneself to others (bench marking).  The use of external bench marking is contentious, because due to differing structures between hospitals the outcomes of interest are not 100&#37; comparable.  Nevertheless trends in different hospitals or the rate of change in an area of interest and not the absolute values are used as a benchmark, in order to achieve comparability.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in der Medizin: die Sinnfrage">
      <MainHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in der Medizin: die Sinnfrage</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die gesetzliche Verpflichtung f&#252;r Krankenh&#228;user sich laut &#167;137 SGB V mit Qualit&#228;t auseinander setzen zu m&#252;ssen, wird h&#228;ufig als l&#228;stiger Zwang empfunden. Das liegt daran, das Qualit&#228;tsmanagement sich oftmals als etwas Praxisfernes und B&#252;rokratisches pr&#228;sentiert, welches den klinischen Alltag zus&#228;tzlich belastet in Form von Papierkrieg und Zertifizierungsformalit&#228;ten. In dieser Form wird Qualit&#228;tsmanagement tats&#228;chlich falsch &#8222;gelebt&#8220; weil nicht am Anfang, in der Praxis,  begonnen wird, sondern am Ende, in Praxisfernen  Konstrukten. Vagts, Bauer und Martin <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink> haben dies in Ihrem Artikel &#252;ber den Sinn von Zertifizierungen explizit dargelegt. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Um die (Behandlungs-)Qualit&#228;t zu verbessern, muss man die eigenen Alltagsprozesse kennen und evaluieren, Transparenz erzeugen. Das ist die eigentliche Triebfeder des Qualit&#228;tsmanagement. Die zu erzielenden Ergebnisqualit&#228;t h&#228;ngt von der Struktur- und Prozessqualit&#228;t ab, das sind die drei zusammengeh&#246;renden Dimensionen des Qualit&#228;tsmanagement, wie sie Donabedian beschrieben hat <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>. Zu definieren, welche Ressourcen f&#252;r die gew&#252;nschte Ergebnisqualit&#228;t notwendig sind, ist die erste Herausforderung des Qualit&#228;tsmanagements. Die Gestaltung der klinischen Prozesse geh&#246;rt zum Kerngesch&#228;ft der Mediziner und stellt zugleich die zweite Herausforderung dar. Dies gilt insbesondere f&#252;r einen so Prozessintensiven und Schnittstellenreichen Bereich wie die Intensivmedizin. In kaum einem anderen Bereich haben die Prozesse so direkte vitale Konsequenzen, haben Informations&#252;bertragungen und Fehler so unmittelbare Folgen f&#252;r den Patienten wie in der Intensivmedizin, </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die gesamte Problematik des Qualit&#228;tsmanagements in der Medizin l&#228;sst sich auf jeweils zwei Fragen zur Theorie und zur Praxis reduzieren.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Theorie:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Liegen Therapiestandards und individualisierte Therapiekonzepte vor&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Sind die Prinzipien der Behandlung&#47;Behandlungsstandards evidenzbasiert, d.h. gibt es ein leitlinienkonformes Behandlungsger&#252;st&#63;</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Praxis:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">Ist der klinische Alltag so organisiert, dass Fehler bestm&#246;glich vermieden werden&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Bekommt der Patient in der Regel das, was wir glauben, bzw. das was wir erzielen m&#246;chten&#63;</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Um diese Fragen beantworten zu k&#246;nnen ben&#246;tigt man Transparenz hinsichtlich des eigenen Tun und Handelns.  Die Reflexion kann durch die Pr&#228;sentation von Kennzahlen oder Indikatoren unterst&#252;tzt werden, in denen der tats&#228;chliche IST-Zustand dargestellt wird. Um dieses IST aufzuzeigen werden Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren ben&#246;tigt.</Pgraph><Pgraph> Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sind Ma&#223;e, deren Auspr&#228;gung zwischen guter und schlechter Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualit&#228;t unterscheiden hilft. Dabei wird die Qualit&#228;t nicht direkt gemessen, sondern die Indikatoren stellen Hilfsgr&#246;&#223;en dar, welche die Qualit&#228;t durch Zahlen indirekt abbilden. Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sollten auf der bestverf&#252;gbaren Evidenz basieren bzw. aus der wissenschaftlichen Literatur abgeleitet oder &#8211; bei fehlender empirischer Evidenz &#8211; im Expertenkonsens gebildet werden. Das bedeutet, dass auch Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren hinsichtlich ihrer Evidenz bewertet werden k&#246;nnen und m&#252;ssen <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Klassifikation von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren erfolgt nach der Qualit&#228;tsdimension, auf die der Indikator abzielt. Analog zur Gliederung der Qualit&#228;tsdimensionen von Donabedian <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink> beziehen sich Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren auf Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualit&#228;t. Struktur- bzw. Prozessindikatoren k&#246;nnen nur dann valide Indikatoren sein, wenn sich eine positive Auswirkung auf das Ergebnis nachweisen l&#228;sst. Ein Qualit&#228;tsindikator kann zugleich Struktur- und Prozessqualit&#228;t oder Prozess- und Ergebnisqualit&#228;t widerspiegeln.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sind Steuerungsinstrumente im Rahmen des medizinischen Qualit&#228;tsmanagements, dienen der Qualit&#228;tsverbesserung und sind ein Werkzeug, um das t&#228;gliche Tun und Handeln abzubilden bzw. auszuwerten. Sie sind kein Selbstzweck.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Indikatoren sollten vom gesamten Intensivteam akzeptiert sein und deren Messung sollte objektiv erfolgen. Damit die Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren akzeptiert werden, sollten sie den Anforderungen der RUMBA-Regel entsprechen. Die Anforderungen an Indikatoren nach der RUMBA-Regel lassen sich wie folgt beschreiben:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1."><Mark1>R</Mark1>elevant f&#252;r das Problem, </ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2."><Mark1>U</Mark1>nderstandable (verst&#228;ndlich formuliert)</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3."><Mark1>M</Mark1>essbar sein, mit hoher Zuverl&#228;ssigkeit und G&#252;ltigkeit</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4."><Mark1>B</Mark1>ehaviourable (ver&#228;nderbar durch das Verhalten)</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="5" numString="5."><Mark1>A</Mark1>chievable and feasible (Erreichbar und durchf&#252;hrbar).</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Diese Voraussetzungen sind notwendig, um die beteiligten Akteure einer Intensivstation in ihren t&#228;glichen Handlungen &#252;berhaupt (positiv) beeinflussen zu k&#246;nnen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Die Bedeutung f&#252;r den Patienten muss dem Personal vermittelbar sein, damit notwendige Prozessver&#228;nderungen tats&#228;chlich umgesetzt werden. Insbesondere die Berufsgruppe der Pflege, als diejenige, die die meisten Prozesse direkt am Patienten verrichtet, muss bei der Entwicklung und Gestaltung von patientennahen Prozessen (bzw. der diese Prozesse repr&#228;sentierenden Indikatoren) involviert sein, damit die Qualit&#228;tsbr&#252;cke von Theorie zur Praxis geebnet wird. Es geh&#246;rt zum Selbstverst&#228;ndnis der Pflege, die Funktion des &#8222;Anwalt&#8220; f&#252;r den Patienten zu &#252;bernehmen, dies sollte man bei qualit&#228;tsverbessernden Ma&#223;nahmen produktiv nutzen, indem das Bewusstsein f&#252;r die Bedeutung der Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren vermittelt wird <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>.  Wird nicht vermittelt, dass eine bestimmte Ma&#223;nahme dem Patienten n&#252;tzt, gibt es Probleme bei der Implementierung dieser Ma&#223;nahme in der klinischen Routine.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Die Indikatoren sollten keine zus&#228;tzliche Dokumentation erfordern, sondern sich bestenfalls aus der Routinedokumentation erfassen lassen. Zus&#228;tzliche Belastungen f&#252;hren zu Fehlern in der Datenerhebung. Ein elektronisches Patientendatenmanagementsystem (PDMS) wird von einigen Autoren in diesem Kontext als sehr vorteilhaft beschrieben <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink></Pgraph><Pgraph>Sinn und Zweck der Indikatoren ist, festzustellen ob in bestimmten Bereichen Probleme mit der Umsetzung bestimmter Therapieformen bestehen, und ob nach erfolgter Messung und Darstellung der Ergebnisse eine Kehrtwende zum Guten oder Schlechten erfolgt. Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren eignen sich, um einem Team Schw&#228;chen und Verbesserungspotential zu zeigen und Erfolge sichtbar zu machen. Zu Beginn der Einf&#252;hrung von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren muss eine h&#228;ufige Messung und Darstellung der Ergebnisse erfolgen. Auf der anderen Seite wird die regelm&#228;&#223;ige Messung eines Indikators hinf&#228;llig, wenn die Durchdringung 100&#37; erreicht hat. Daraus ergibt sich aber auch, dass Indikatoren eine begrenzte Haltbarkeit haben und nach einer definierten Anwendungszeit hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit und G&#252;ltigkeit reevaluiert werden m&#252;ssen. Kann man durch einen Qualit&#228;tsindikator keinerlei (positive) Entwicklung erreichen, ist die Erhebung dieses Indikators als Zeitverschwendung zu bewerten und es sollte gepr&#252;ft werden, ob ein anderer Indikator besser geeignet ist, eine positive Entwicklung zu unterst&#252;tzen <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Hilfestellung zur regelm&#228;&#223;igen Evaluation bietet der PDCA-Zyklus (Abbildung 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>) nach Deming und Shewhart <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. Das regelm&#228;&#223;ige Durchlaufen des Zyklus f&#246;rdert den angestrebten kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsprozess und hilft dem Team die angestrebten qualit&#228;tsverbessernden Ma&#223;nahmen schneller und effektiver umzusetzen und zu einer nachhaltigen Qualit&#228;tsverbesserung zu f&#252;hren.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Haupteinsatzm&#246;glichkeiten f&#252;r Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren liegen sowohl in der internen und externen Kontrolle der medizinischen Versorgung als auch als Werkzeuge f&#252;r den kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsprozess. Der Einsatz von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren dient:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">der Messung des aktuellen Zielerreichungsgrads (Evaluation)</ListItem><ListItem level="1">der Beschreibung der Ver&#228;nderungen des Zielerreichungsgrads &#252;ber die Zeit (Monitoring)</ListItem><ListItem level="1">als Hinweis auf Situationen, die ein Eingreifen erfordern (Alarmfunktion).</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Das Monitoring der eigenen Qualit&#228;tsentwicklung ist hierbei um ein vielfaches h&#246;her zu bewerten, als die M&#246;glichkeit, sich mit anderen zu Vergleichen (Benchmarking). Der Nutzen als externes Benchmarking ist umstritten, da durch unterschiedliche Strukturen in den einzelnen Kliniken die erzielten Ergebnisse nicht 100&#37; vergleichbar sind. Trotzdem k&#246;nnen Trends in verschiedenen Kliniken bzw. die Rate der erzielten Ver&#228;nderung und nicht die Absolutwerte als Benchmark herangezogen werden, um eine Vergleichbarkeit zu erzielen.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Development of quality indicators in intensive care medicine">
      <MainHeadline>Development of quality indicators in intensive care medicine</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The development of quality indicators for intensive medicine has already a significant history.  The first programmatic impulse came from the department of anesthesiology and intensive care medicine at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore.  In a large study, that was carried out in a total of 13 conservative and operative intensive care units, the steps in the development of quality indicators, which had a local&#47;regional validity, were described <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">a thorough literature review with the question: what improves outcome in intensive care units&#63;</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">evaluation of various outcome parameters</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">selection of pilot indicators in order to investigate in the field the feasibility of data collection and the evidence with respect to the process to be influenced and outcome</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4.">definition of the data collection process: who, what, when, how.  This was based on the experience collected in the field studies</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="5" numString="5.">examination of the validity and reliability on the basis of the field studies, i.e are the collected data plausible or are the variations in the results too high for conclusions to be made</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="6" numString="6.">the real pilot study of the developed indicators</ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>The results of the literature review were assessed by an expert panel and in a Delphi process the indicators that on the basis of the above listed prerequisites should be further researched in the pilot test, were filtered out.  On the basis of this very labor intensive and exemplary method, the authors developed the first quality indicators, that were used on many intensive care units <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>.  The <TextGroup><PlainText>authors</PlainText></TextGroup> were, on the basis of their comprehensive data collection, in the position to research the effects on the indicators on outcome parameters and economics.  For the involved ICUs, the following quality indicators were identified:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">6 outcome criteria: mortality on the ICU, duration of stay over 7 days, mean duration of stay on the ICU, mean duration of mechanical ventilation, sub-optimal pain therapy, patient and relatives satisfaction.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">6 process criteria: rate of effective pain measurement, standards compliant transfusion of blood products, prevention of ventilation associated pneumonia, adequate sedation according to standards, adequate stress ulcer prophylaxis and adequate prophylaxis of deep vein thrombosis.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">4 admission&#47;discharge criteria: rate of delayed admission to the ICU, rate of delayed discharge from the ICU, rate of canceled operations due to lack of ICU beds, emergency admission delays due to lack of ICU beds</ListItem><ListItem level="1">3 complications criteria: rate of unplanned re-admissions on the ICU within 48 hours, rate of catheter associated sepsis per 1000-CVC-days. Rate of new infections with multi-resistant organisms</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Quality indicators (QIs), that are a part of the quality management (QM) system on a local level and that should contribute to the optimization of patient care,  have been described in the literature on many occasions.  Kastrup and colleagues <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink> could show that the target orientated treatment processes that were created by experts on the basis of literature reviews, lead in routine clinical practice to patients having significantly shorter durations of stay on the ICU and probably also a better medium term outcome.  These processes are displayed in the patients&#39; electronic charts together with target parameters that were captured form the PDMS.  The authors called the desired target parameters &#8220;key performance indicators&#8221; (KPIs), i.e. indicators that reflect key processes in ICU medicine.  The KPIs were worked into themed bundles: analgosedation aims, cardiovascular aims, ventilation aims, infection therapy aims and nutrition aims. It is not surprising, that a few of the indicators are appear simultaneously by different authors as factors, that are associated with better patient outcome.  The processes described by Kastrup at the Charit&#233; correspond to a great extent to  those indicators described at Johns Hopkins University, such as for example lung protective measures such as the use of low tidal volumes, low ventilation pressures and use of elevated upper body.</Pgraph><Pgraph>National institutions in several countries have been busying themselves trying to help the spread of evidence based and outcome relevant procedures in ICU medicine to widespread use.  In the Netherlands, a feasibility study was carried out by the National Institute for Public Health and Environment in cooperation with the OLVG Hospital that examined QIs and their use on ICUs <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>.  For this 50 indicators were identified through a comprehensive literature search (among them the literature from the Johns Hopkins working group) and 12 additional factors were produced by an expert group.  The in total 62 factors were put through a strict scientific selection procedure by a multidisciplinary expert group of the Dutch Intensive Care Medicine Society.  12 indicators met all the selection criteria and were more closely examined in a field study.  ICUs from 18 hospitals took part in this study, that were selected from 97 hospitals so that all levels of care were evenly represented.  The Dutch working group divided the evaluated indicators strictly according to character: structure, process and outcome:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">outcome indicators: standardized mortality rate (SMR) according to APACHE II, pressure sore rate, accidental extubations</ListItem><ListItem level="1">process indicators:  duration of ICU stay, duration of ventilation, full bed occupancy, normoglycemia</ListItem><ListItem level="1">structural indicators: availability of ICU doctors, nurse to patient ratio, risk management, patient&#47;relative satisfaction</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Health care policy and hospital specific basic conditions differ profoundly between nations.  QIs for ICU medicine developed in other countries cannot be transferred unchanged to Germany.  For instance the round the clock availability of experienced medical and nursing staff is a prerequisite for health care provider compensation <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>.  Duration of ventilation and duration of stay are in the context of the allocation of health care funds in Germany (G-DRG) relevant to how departments are financed, mortality and unplanned re-admissions to the ICU are elements of the core data set for ICU medicine in Germany <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, the communication of the pressure sore rate is a compulsory part of quality assurance for all German hospitals, the measurement of patient satisfaction and the presence of error management are in the context of current certification procedures regularly required by hospitals and the bed occupancy rates are regularly sent to insurers and the institutions responsible for hospital planning.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Entwicklung von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in der Intensivmedizin">
      <MainHeadline>Entwicklung von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in der Intensivmedizin</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die Entwicklung von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r die Intensivmedizin umfasst bereits eine kleine Historie. Die ersten programmatischen Impulse kommen hierbei von der John Hopkins Universit&#228;t in Baltimore aus der Klink f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie und Intensivmedizin. In einer gro&#223;en Untersuchung, die auf insgesamt 13 konservativen und operativen Intensivstationen durchgef&#252;hrt wurde, werden die Schritte bei der Entwicklung von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren beschreiben, die eine lokale&#47;regionale G&#252;ltigkeit besitzen <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>:</Pgraph><Pgraph><OrderedList><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="1" numString="1.">die ausf&#252;hrliche Literaturrecherche mit der Fragestellung, was das Outcome auf Intensivstationen verbessert</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="2" numString="2.">Evaluation verschiedener Outcomeparameter</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="3" numString="3.">Ausw&#228;hlen von Pilotindikatoren um im Feldversuch die Machbarkeit der Datensammlung und die Evidenz in Hinblick auf den zu beeinflussenden Prozess und das Outcome zu untersuchen</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="4" numString="4.">Definition des Datenerfassungsprozesses: wer, was, wann wie. Dies geschieht aus den Erfahrungen des Feldversuches.</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="5" numString="5.">Pr&#252;fung der Validit&#228;t und Reliabilit&#228;t anhand des Feldversuches, d.h. sind die gesammelten Daten nachvollziehbar oder sind die Variabilit&#228;ten bei den Ergebnissen zu hoch, um Aussagen treffen zu k&#246;nnen.</ListItem><ListItem level="1" levelPosition="6" numString="6.">der eigentliche Pilottest der entwickelten Indikatoren. </ListItem></OrderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>In einem Experten-Panel wurden die Ergebnisse der Literaturrecherche ausgewertet und im Delphiverfahren wurden die Indikatoren herausgefiltert, die aufgrund der oben genannten Voraussetzungen im Pilottest weiter untersucht werden sollten. Anhand dieser sehr aufwendigen und beispielgebenden Methode entwickelten die Autoren die ersten Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren, die auf mehreren Intensivstationen Anwendung fanden <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Die Autoren waren aufgrund ihrer umfangreichen Datensammlung in der Lage, die Effekte der Indikatoren in Hinblick auf Outcomeparameter und &#246;konomischer Effekte zu untersuchen. F&#252;r die Beteiligten Intensivstationen wurden folgende Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren identifiziert:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">6 Outcomekriterien: Sterblichkeit auf der Intensivstation, Verweildauer auf der Intensivstation &#252;ber 7 Tage, mittlere Verweildauer auf der Intensivstation, <TextGroup><PlainText>durchschnittliche</PlainText></TextGroup> Beatmungsdauer, suboptimales Schmerzmanagement, Patienten- und Angeh&#246;rigenzufriedenheit.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">6 Prozesskriterien: Rate der effektiven Schmerzmessung, der ad&#228;quaten Transfusionstherapie mit Blutprodukten nach Standard, der Pr&#228;vention Beatmungsassoziierter Pneumonien, der ad&#228;quaten Sedierung nach Standard, der ad&#228;quaten Stressulcusprophylaxe und der ad&#228;quaten Prophylaxe tiefer Beinvenenthrombose.   </ListItem><ListItem level="1">4 Aufnahme&#47;Entlasskriterien: Rate der verz&#246;gerten Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation, Rate der verz&#246;gerten Entlassung von der Intensivstation, Rate der Abgesagten Operation aufgrund des Mangels an Intensivbetten, Notaufnahmeverz&#246;gerungen aufgrund des Mangels an Intensivbetten.</ListItem><ListItem level="1">3 Komplikationskriterien: Rate an ungeplanten Wiederaufnahmen auf die Intensivstation innerhalb von 48 Stunden, Rate von katheterassoziierten Septitiden bezogen auf 1000-ZVK-Tage, Rate neu aufgetretener Infektionen mit multiresistenten Erregern.</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren, die auf lokaler Ebene Teil eines Qualit&#228;tsmanagementsystems sind und zur Optimierung der Patientenversorgung beitragen sollen, wurden in der Literatur vielfach beschrieben. Kastrup und Mitarbeiter <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink> k&#246;nnen zeigen, dass zielgerichtete Behandlungsprozesse die durch Experten auf der Basis einer Literaturrecherche erarbeitet wurden, im klinischen Alltag dazu f&#252;hren, dass Patienten signifikant k&#252;rzere Intensivverweildauern und wahrscheinlich auch ein besseres mittelfristiges Outcome zeigen. Diese Prozesse werden in der elektronischen Patientendokumentation dargestellt anhand von Zielparametern, die aus den Daten des PDMS extrahiert wurden. Die Autoren nennen die angestrebten Zielparameter &#8222;key performance indicators (KPI)&#8220;, also Indikatoren, die intensivmedizinische Schl&#252;sselprozesse abbilden. Die KPIs wurden in Themenb&#252;ndeln herausgearbeitet: Anaglosedierungsziele, Kreislaufziele, Beatmungsziele, Infektionsbehandlungsziele und Ern&#228;hrungsziele. Es ist nicht verwunderlich, dass einige der Indikatoren bei verschiedenen Autoren gleichsam erscheinen als Faktoren, die mit einem besseren Patientenoutcome assoziiert sind. Die von Kastrup in der Charit&#233; beschriebenen Prozesse entsprechen in weiten Teilen den an der John Hopkins Universit&#228;t ermittelten Indikatoren, wie z.B. die Ma&#223;nahmen zur Lungenprotektion etwa durch Verwendung niedriger Tidalvolumina, niedriger Beatmungsdr&#252;cke und Anwendung der Oberk&#246;rperhochlagerung. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Mit dem Bestreben &#252;ber Fachgebietsgrenzen hinweg evidenzbasierte und outcomerelevante Verfahren in der Intensivmedizin zu einer breit gestreuten Anwendung zu verhelfen, haben sich nationale Institutionen in verschiedenen L&#228;ndern besch&#228;ftigt. In den Niederlanden wurde von National Institute for Public Health and Environment in Zusammenarbeit mit dem OLVG Klinikum in Amsterdam eine Machbarkeitsstudie durchgef&#252;hrt, die Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren und deren Nutzen auf Intensivstationen untersucht hat <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Hierf&#252;r wurde zum einen durch eine umfangreiche Literaturrecherche 50 Indikatoren zusammentragen (u.a. die der John Hopkins Arbeitsgruppe) und zum anderen durch eine Expertengruppe 12 weitere Indikatoren erarbeitet. Die insgesamt 62 Indikatoren wurden durch eine multidisziplin&#228;re Expertengruppe der niederl&#228;ndischen Fachgesellschaft f&#252;r Intensivmedizin einer strengen wissenschaftlichen Auswahl  unterzogen. 12 Indikatoren hielten den gesetzten Anforderungen stand und wurden in einem Feldversuch n&#228;her untersucht. An dieser Untersuchung nahmen Intensivstationen aus 18 Krankenh&#228;usern teil, die parit&#228;tisch nach Versorgungsstufen aus insgesamt 97 Krankenh&#228;usern ausgew&#228;hlt wurden. Die niederl&#228;ndische Arbeitsgruppe unterteilte die evaluierten Indikatoren streng nach Struktur-, Prozess- und Outcome-Charakter:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1">Outcome-Indikatoren:  Standardisierte Mortalit&#228;tsrate (SMR) gem&#228;&#223; APACHE II, Decubitusrate, artefizielle Extubationen</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Prozessindikatoren: Intensivverweildauer, Beatmungsdauer, Vollbelegung der Intensivstation, Normoglyk&#228;mie</ListItem><ListItem level="1">Strukturindikatoren: Verf&#252;gbarkeit des Intensivmediziners, Pflegeschl&#252;ssel pro Patient, Fehlermanagement, Patienten&#47;Angeh&#246;rigen-Zufriedenheit</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Gesundheitspolitische und Krankenhausspezifische Rahmenbedingungen unterscheiden sich zwischen den Nationen sehr grundlegend. Die in anderen L&#228;ndern erarbeiteten Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r die Intensivmedizin lassen sich nicht 1 zu 1 auf Deutschland &#252;bertragen. Beispielsweise ist die 24-st&#252;ndige Verf&#252;gbarkeit von intensivmedizinisch erfahrenem, &#228;rztlichem und pflegerischem Personal Voraussetzung der Abrechenbarkeit der Intensivmedizinischen Komplexpauschale <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink>, Beatmungsdauer und Verweildauer sind im Rahmen des deutschen Fallpauschalensystems (G-DRG) aus Verg&#252;tungsgesichtspunkten ebenfalls von Bedeutung, Sterblichkeit und ungeplante Wiederaufnahme auf die Intensivstation sind Bestandteile des intensivmedizinischen Kerndatensatzes in Deutschland <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>, die &#220;bermittlung Dekubitusrate ist f&#252;r alle deutschen Krankenh&#228;user verpflichtender Bestandteil der Qualit&#228;tssicherung, die Messung der Patientenzufriedenheit und das Vorhandensein eines Fehlermanagements wird im Rahmen der g&#228;ngigen Zertifizierungsverfahren regelhaft von den Krankenh&#228;usern verlangt und die Belegungsdaten werden als Datensatz regelm&#228;&#223;ig an Kostentr&#228;ger und an die mit der Krankenhausplanung beauftragten Institutionen &#252;bermittelt. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Development of ICU QIs in Germany">
      <MainHeadline>Development of ICU QIs in Germany</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The scientific ICU working group of the Germany Society for ICU medicine (DGAI) has, in cooperation with the interdisciplinary working group Quality Assurance in ICU medicine of the German interdisciplinary Association for ICU medicine and Emergency Medicine (DIVI) and the German Society for internal medical ICU medicine (DGII), created a review of the possibilities for the introduction of a German-wide Quality Management system <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>.  The scientific working group has in doing this and according to the experience described above, followed the goal of developing a manageable number of practicably applicable Qis, for which outcome relevance has been scientifically demonstrated.  The organization of clinical processes in ICU medicine should receive an assistance point of call, in which a framework of key data is available, that serve as an orientation help for all professional groups involved in the process on the ICU.  The development of ICU medicine QIs in Germany in closely linked with the development of QIs by the Spanish Society of ICU Medicine.  The Spanish intensivists have developed and published a catalog of 120 quality indicators <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>.  The Spanish QIs have been excellently drafted and presented in a strict logic.  Every indicator is defined by group (efficacy, risk, satisfaction, suitability) an explanation, a mathematical formula, how the indicators are calculated, the details of the population it concerns (ventilated, heart, heart disease, septic etc), bullet point type explanation of the terms, type of indicator (process, structure, result), the data source (patient charts, staff rota, OT plan, quality report), the desired target value and the references as a comment.  After translation into German the scientific working group of the DGAI adopted their Spanish colleagues method of presenting the indicators.  The list however did not seem to be transferable for German use for the reasons discussed above.  Beside clinical process indicators, such as for example target orientated blood sugar therapy or lung protective ventilation, the Spanish list also contained indicators such as the regular changing of warming humidifying systems in ventilated patients or the indication for isolation of patients with multi-resistant bacteria.  The later indicators are controlled by infection control guidelines and have no direct connection with process or quality improving measures on the ICU.  In the development of QIs we are not concerned with producing parameters that are already managed by existing rules, recommendations or administrative orders.  In order to avoid redundancies and in order to correct real profit, initially 36 and finally 10 QIs, with direct influence on the routine daily care on the ICU, were generated by two Delphi rounds of the expert committee.  All indicators have a direct influence on improved patient outcome.  This first version of the intensive care QIs was signed off by the expert committees of the the DGAI and DIVI with a period of validity of 2 years.  The discussion regarding the scientific evidence of each indicator is very important and <TextGroup><PlainText>stimu</PlainText></TextGroup>lating, however it should not be forgotten that the existence of every indicator is immediately dependent on the current state of scientific knowledge and every indicator has additionally to prove its own clinical relevance.  Further indicators are in development, such as for example an indicator regarding targeted cardiovascular therapy.  Should I find an indicator to be irrelevant, it should be removed from the list.  Whats more an indicator should be seen to be pointless if its implementation rate is 100&#37; because quality cannot be improved in this case, that is the indicator loses its purpose as a tool.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Entwicklung intensivmedizinischer Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in Deutschland">
      <MainHeadline>Entwicklung intensivmedizinischer Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in Deutschland</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Der wissenschaftliche Arbeitskreis Intensivmedizin der Deutschen Gesellschaft f&#252;r Intensivmedizin (DGAI) hat in Zusammenarbeit der interdisziplin&#228;ren Arbeitsgruppe Qualit&#228;tssicherung in der Intensivmedizin der Deutschen Interdisziplin&#228;ren Vereinigung f&#252;r Intensivmedizin und Notfallmedizin (DIVI) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft f&#252;r Internistische Intensivmedizin (DGII) einen &#220;berblick &#252;ber die M&#246;glichkeiten der Einf&#252;hrung eines Qualit&#228;tsmanagements in die Intensivmedizin in Deutschland erarbeitet <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Der wissenschaftliche Arbeitskreis hat hierbei entsprechend der oben beschriebenen Erfahrungen das Ziel verfolgt, eine &#252;berschaubare Menge von praktisch anwendbaren Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren zu entwickeln, f&#252;r die eine Outcome-Relevanz wissenschaftlich untersucht ist. Die Organisation von klinischen Prozessen in der Intensivmedizin sollte eine &#8222;Hilfestellung&#8220; bekommen, indem ein Ger&#252;st von Kennzahlen zur Verf&#252;gung steht, die als Orientierungshilfe allen Prozessbeteiligten Berufsgruppen auf der Intensivstation eing&#228;ngig sind. Die Entwicklung von intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in Deutschland ist eng verkn&#252;pft mit der Entwicklung von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren durch die spanische Gesellschaft f&#252;r Intensivmedizin (SEMICYUC). Die spanischen Intensivmediziner haben einen 120 Indikatoren umfassenden Katalog entwickelt und publiziert <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>. Die spanischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sind exzellent aufgearbeitet und in einer stringenten Logik pr&#228;sentiert. So ist jeder Indikator definiert durch die Gr&#246;&#223;enordung (Effektivit&#228;t, Risiko, Zufriedenheit, Eignung, Wirksamkeit), eine Begr&#252;ndung, eine mathematische Formel, wie der Indikator bestimmt wird, die Angabe der Population, die es betrifft (z.B. Beatmete, Koronarkranke, Septiker usw.), stichwortartige Erkl&#228;rung der Termini, Art der Indikators (Prozess, Struktur, Ergebnis), die Datenquelle (z.B. Patientenakte, Dienstplan, OP-Plan, Qualit&#228;tsbericht), der anzustrebende Zielwert und die Literaturangaben als Kommentar. Nach &#220;bersetzung ins Deutsche hat der wissenschaftliche Arbeitskreis der DGAI die Logik der Aufbereitung und Darstellung der Indikatoren von den spanischen Kollegen &#252;bernommen. Die Liste von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren schien jedoch aus oben genannten Gr&#252;nden nicht auf deutsche Verh&#228;ltnisse &#252;bertragbar. Neben klinischen Prozessindikatoren, wie z.B. zielgerichteter Blutzuckertherapie oder Lungenprotektiver Beatmung, enth&#228;lt die spanische Liste auch Indikatoren wie das regelrechte Auswechseln von w&#228;rmenden Befeuchtungssystemen bei Beatmeten Patienten oder die Indikationsstellung zur Isolation von Patienten mit multiresitenten Keimen. Die letzt genanten Indikatoren sind auf Deutschen Intensivstationen &#252;ber Hygienerichtlinien geregelt und haben mit Prozess- bzw. Qualit&#228;tsverbessernden Ma&#223;nahmen durch ein intensivmedizinisches Indikatorensystem nur indirekt zu tun. Bei der Entwicklung von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren ging es nicht darum, Parameter herauszustellen, die bereits durch bestehende Verordnungen, Empfehlungen oder administrative Vorgaben geregelt sind erneut zu beschreiben. Um Redundanzen zu vermeiden und eine echten Neuwert zu schaffen wurden in zwei Delphi-Runden durch das Expertengremium zun&#228;chst 36 und letztlich 10 Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren erarbeitet, die direkten Einfluss auf die allt&#228;glichen Prozesse auf der Intensivstation haben. Alle Indikatoren haben einen direkten Hinweis auf ein verbessertes Patienten-Outcome. Die hierdurch entstandene erste Version der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren wurde mit einer G&#252;ltigkeitsdauer von 2 Jahren von den Expertengremien der DGAI und der DIVI verabschiedet (siehe Anhang 1: 10 Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/>). Die Diskussion &#252;ber die wissenschaftliche Evidenz jedes Indikators ist sehr wichtig und belebend, dabei darf jedoch nicht vergessen werden, dass die Existenz jedes Indikators unmittelbar an der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnislage h&#228;ngt und jeder Indikator au&#223;erdem seine klinische Bedeutung unter Beweis stellen muss. Weitere Indikatoren sind in Bearbeitung, wie beispielsweise ein Indikator &#252;ber zielgerichtete Kreislauftherapie. Sollte ich ein Indikator als nicht evident herausstellen, sollte er aus der Liste entfernt werden. Es ist &#252;ber dies sinnlos an Indikatoren festzuhalten, deren Implementierungsrate bei 100&#37; liegt, weil Qualit&#228;t in diesem Fall nicht steigerbar ist, d.h. der Indikator verliert damit seinen Zweck als Werkzeug.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="The first version of the consensus ICU QIs">
      <MainHeadline>The first version of the consensus ICU QIs</MainHeadline><Pgraph>(see Attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/>)</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 1 &#8211; upper body elevation</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The discussion about the relevance of upper body elevation of ventilated patients for the prevention of nosocomial pneumonia.  After studying the original literature, only 45 degree upper body elevation is proven to have an influence on patient outcome <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>.  However studies support the significance of this measure.  The use of this positioning is on the precondition that there are no contraindications to it.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 2 &#8211; monitoring of sedation, analgesia and delirium</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The meaning of a target orientated sedation and analgesia procedure for ICU patients is excellently described in the current S3-guidelines <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> and the evidence is clearly described.  The standardized procedure includes a step by step approach to the diagnosis of postoperative delirium.  Rational analgosedation and diagnosis and treatment of delirium on the ICU are a working bundle, that positively influences morbidity, mortality and the duration of stay of patients on the ICU.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 3 &#8211; lung protective ventilation</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Lung protective ventilation of patients in acute pulmonary failure has been demonstrated to be outcome relevant <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>.  That the described process is not applicable to all ICU patients, has to be critically taken into consideration.  Patients with severe obstructive lung disease&#47;high grade emphysema should not be given this therapy in a blind manner.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 4 &#8211; weaning protocol and spontaneous breathing trial</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The use of weaning protocols in the ICU has a positive influence on patient outcome <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>.  There is no universal protocol, a structured approach including a standardized procedure involving daily spontaneous breathing trial shortens the duration of ventilation and improves survival.  This bundle is closely associated with the analgosedation bundle, because structured weaning requires co-operative patients.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 5 &#8211; early and adequate antibiotic therapy</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Early antibiotic therapy is an element of modern guideline-compliant sepsis therapy <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>.  It is a daily duty of every intensivist to promptly diagnose a systemic infection.  Many ICU measure make the diagnosis more difficult,  such as catecholamine therapy, hypovolemia and postoperative hypermetabolism.  This makes a standardized protocol all the more important.  This should make the recognition of sepsis for medical and nursing staff easier during routine practice.  The adequate therapy of infection can additionally be supported through the use of an online special program such as the so-called x-Program <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>, which is diagnosis orientated and includes current scientific discoveries and in so doing provides a continuously up to date, guidelines  compliant and resistance pattern orientated anti-infective therapy for every intensive care unit.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 6 &#8211; therapeutic hypothermia following cardiac arrest</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Controlled hypothermia following cardiac arrest is now a gold standard <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>.  Its implementation into routine practice still poses a challenge.  Vague statements regarding possible short periods of hypoxia in the course of a resuscitation repeatedly lead to controlled hypothermia not being carried out in routine daily practice.  This indicator should serve to optimize the implementation rate.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 7 &#8211; early enteral nutrition</SubHeadline><Pgraph>There is a certain uncertainty regarding what early enteral nutrition is.  This should be judged on a case by case basis.  Nevertheless it can be said that an attempt at enteral nutrition is always possible when there are no contraindications.  Even gastroesophageal reflux should not stop the intensivist to give nutrition by the natural route.  There are no universal gold standards here.  Protocols for enteral nutrition are however helpful and support the goal of good nutrition.  The clinical and paraclinical monitoring of nutrition should be defined <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>.  Enteral nutrition via a tube is an element of the prophylaxis of stress ulcers, as appears in the indicator list of Johns Hopkins University</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 8 &#8211; documentation of relatives meetings</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This indicator may not be immediately accessible to all doctors, however according to the literature the significance of this QI for routine practice is clear.  Discussions with patients or relatives are frequently not documented, which after several handovers on the ICU, frequently leads to an information deficit regarding the condition of the patient before admission to ICU, limits of therapy and realistic therapy goals.  Ignorance of such information leads to slips in routine practice and to a loss of therapy quality.  It builds trust with the relatives and helps them to manage grief, if collective discussion and goal setting are documented and therefore transparent <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>.  Additionally in Germany, the legal requirement to respect patients will and to follow them when making therapy decisions has been cemented by the Patient Directive Law of 01.09.2009.  The evaluation of alleged patient  wills can only take place with the help of relatives as long as no written provisions exist.  Documented relatives meetings take on a medico-legal character in this way.  This QI should help the documented meeting to a higher level of implementation.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 9 &#8211; hand disinfection solution use</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This indicator also seems at first to be unusual, it appears however to be the most effective of all indicators <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>.  Contaminated staff hands are the most important vector for infections in the hospital, and especially on ICUs.  The generation of multiresistant bacteria is assisted by poor hand disinfection and nosocomial infections are ultimately always induced through contamination (mostly hands).  Because per ICU bed per day a calculable number of processes with patient contact occur and because each of these should be associated with hand disinfection, which will require the use of 3 to 5 mls of disinfection solution, the use of hand disinfection solution is not an arbitrary parameter. The data on which the calculations are based are well established in the literature and an element of the WHO&#39;s guidelines on hand hygiene. The &#8220;clean hands&#8221; movement has been very successful in highlighting the problem of hand disinfection in hos<TextGroup><PlainText>pitals</PlainText></TextGroup>.  The use of disinfection solution is in this way an important indicator of a process with great significance for patients.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI 10 &#8211; 24 hour availability of ICU specialists</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The staffing of an ICU with experienced and trained intensivists and nurse specialists has an influence on patient outcome.  There is good data supporting this <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>.  Not least because the implementation of proven measures requires experienced personnel.  This has not yet reached full implementation in Germany.  Even the restructuring of ICU compensation based on G-DRG could achieve little to change this.  Quality is connected to specific resources.  The complex treatment figure serves to &#8220;capture&#8221; this human resource.  The complex treatment figure may only be relevant to a small proportion of ICU patients (usually not more than 10&#37;),  but the complex figure in these cases greatly increases the size of the hospital&#39;s compensation for the case.  For a 12 bed ICU of a moderately sized hospital, we calculated the sum of the annual contribution of the ICU complex figure to be &#8364; 500,000.  From this the necessary personnel can be financed.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Die erste Version der konsentierten intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren">
      <MainHeadline>Die erste Version der konsentierten intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren</MainHeadline><Pgraph>(siehe hierzu auch Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/>)</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator I &#8211; Oberk&#246;rper-Hochlagerung</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die Diskussion um die Bedeutung der Oberk&#246;rperhochlagerung von Beatmenten Patienten zur Pr&#228;vention nosokomialer Pneumonien an. Nach Studie der Originalliteratur ist nur f&#252;r die 45&#176; erh&#246;hte Oberk&#246;rperlagerung ein Einfluss auf das Patientenoutcome belegt worden <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>. Dennoch belegen Studien die Bedeutung dieser Ma&#223;nahme. Die Anwendung dieser Lagerung setzt voraus, dass keine Kontraindikationen gegen diese  bestehen. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator II &#8211; Monitoring von Sedierung, Analgesie, Delir</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die Bedeutung einer zielgerichteten Sedierung und Analgesierung von intensivmedizinschen Patienten ist in der aktuelle S3-Leitlinie <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink> exzellent herausgearbeitet und die Evidenzlage ist klar beschrieben. Die standardisierte Vorgehensweise umfasst ein schrittweises Vorgehen zur Erkennung eines postoperativen Delirs. Rationale Analgosedierung und Diagnose und Behandlung des Delirs in der Intensivmedizin sind ein Arbeitsb&#252;ndel, welches die Morbidit&#228;t, Mortalit&#228;t und die Verweildauer der Patienten auf der Intensivstation positiv beeinflusst. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator III &#8211; Lungenprotektive Beatmung</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die Lungenprotektive Beatmung bei Patienten im akuten Lungenversagen hat sich in der Literatur ebenfalls als outcomerelevant demonstriert <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>. Dass das beschriebene Vorgehen nicht auf alle beatmeten Intensivpatienten anwendbar ist, muss kritisch festgehalten werden, so k&#246;nnen Patienten mit einer ausgepr&#228;gten obruktiven Lungenerkrankung bzw. mit einem hochgradigen Lungenemphysem sicherlich nicht ungepr&#252;ft dieser Beatmungsprozedur unterzogen werden.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator IV &#8211;  Weaningprotokoll mit Spontanatmungsversuch</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die Anwendung von Beatmungs-Weaningprotokollen in der Intensivmedizin wirkt sich ebenfalls positiv auf das Patientenoutcome aus <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. Ein allgemeing&#252;ltiges Protokoll existiert nicht, ein strukturiertes Vorgehen inklusive eines standardisierten Vorgehens beim (t&#228;glichen) Spontanatmungsversuch verk&#252;rzt jedoch die Beatmungsdauer und das &#220;berleben der Patienten. Dieses Arbeitsb&#252;ndel h&#228;ngt engmaschig mit dem Analgosedierungsb&#252;ndel zusammen, denn das strukturierte Weaning setzt kooperative Patienten voraus. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator V &#8211; Fr&#252;hzeitige und Ad&#228;quate Antibiotikatherapie</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die fr&#252;hzeitige Antibiotikatherapie ist Bestandteil der modernen leitliniengerechten Sepsistherapie <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>. Es ist die t&#228;gliche Herausforderung f&#252;r jeden Intensivmediziner die zeitgerechte Diagnose einer systemischen Infektion zu stellen. Viele intensivmedizinische Ma&#223;nahmen erschweren die Diagnose, wie z.B. Katecholamintherapie, Hypovol&#228;mie und postoperativer Aggressionsstoffwechsel. Um so entscheidender ist ein standardisiertes Protokoll, welches das Erkennen der Sepsis f&#252;r Arzt und Pflege (&#33;) im Alltag erleichtert. Die ad&#228;quate Therapie wird zudem unterst&#252;tzt durch online verf&#252;gbare Spezialprogramme wie das sogenannte ABX-Programm <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>, welches infektiologische Pfade offeriert und redaktionell die aktuellen Wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse inkludiert und somit eine stets aktuelle, leitlinienkonforme und an der Resistenzlage orientierte antiinfektiven Therapie f&#252;r jede Intensivstation erm&#246;glicht.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator VI &#8211; Therapeutische Hypothermie nach Herzstillstand</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die kontrollierte Hypothermie nach Herzstillstand hat sich als Goldstandard herausgestellt <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>, den klinisch umzusetzen immer noch eine Herausforderung darstellt. Wage Angaben &#252;ber mutma&#223;lich kurze Hypoxiezeiten im Rahmen einer Reanimation f&#252;hren im Alltag immer wieder dazu, dass eine Hypothermiebehandlung nicht durchgef&#252;hrt wird. Dieser Indikator hat soll dazu diesen, die Implemantierungsrate zu optimieren.</Pgraph><SubHeadline> Qualit&#228;tsindikator VII &#8211; Fr&#252;he enterale Ern&#228;hrung (EE)</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Es besteht eine gewisse Unsch&#228;rfe, was fr&#252;hzeitige enterale Ern&#228;hrung ist. Dies muss sicherlich patientenadaptiert gesehen werden. Dennoch kann festgehalten werden, dass der Versuch einer fr&#252;hen Ern&#228;hrung definitv immer dann m&#246;glich ist, wenn keine Kontraindikationen bestehen. Selbst gastraler Reflux soll die Intensivmediziner nicht davon abhalten, am Versuch der Ern&#228;hrung &#8222;via naturalis&#8220; festzuhalten. Auch hier gibt es keinen allgemeing&#252;ltigen Goldstandard. Protokolle zur enteralen Ern&#228;hrung sind hierbei jedoch hilfreich und unterst&#252;tzen das Ziel einer guten Ern&#228;hrung. Das klinische und paraklinische Monitoring der Ern&#228;hrung sollte hierbei festgelegt sein <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>. Die Ern&#228;hrung &#252;ber Sonde ist dar&#252;ber hinaus auch Bestandteil der Prophylaxe eines Stressulcus, wie sie in der Indikatoren Liste der John Hopkins Universit&#228;t erscheint.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator VIII &#8211; Dokumentation von Angeh&#246;rigengespr&#228;chen</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Dieser Indikator erschlei&#223;t sich nicht jedem Mediziner sofort, nach Studium der Literatur, wird jedoch zunehmend die Bedeutung dieses Qualit&#228;tsindikators f&#252;r den klinischen Alltag deutlich. Absprachen mit Patienten oder Angeh&#246;rigen sind h&#228;ufig nicht in Krankenakten dokumentiert, was nach mehreren &#220;bergabevisiten auf Intensivstationen h&#228;ufig dazu f&#252;hrt, dass ein Informationsdefizit &#252;ber den Zustand des Patienten vor der Intensivtherapie, &#252;ber Therapiebeschr&#228;nkungen und realistische Therapieziele besteht. Die Unkenntnis &#252;ber solche Informationen f&#252;hrt zu Reibungsverlusten im Alltag und zu einem Verlust der Behandlungsqualit&#228;t. Es f&#246;rdert die Vertrauensbildung mit den Patientenangeh&#246;rigen und deren positiven Umgang mit Trauer, wenn gemeinsame Absprachen und Zielsetzungen dokumentiert und damit transparent sind <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>. In Deutschland besteht zudem &#252;ber das am 01.09.2009 in Kraft getretene Patientenverf&#252;gungsgesetz die gesetzliche Verpflichtung, den Patientenwillen zu respektieren und diesem bei Therapieentscheidungen zu folgen. Die Evaluation des mutma&#223;lichen Patientenwillens kann nur mit Hilfe von Angeh&#246;rigen erfolgen, sofern keine schriftlichen Festlegungen existieren. Dokumentierte Angeh&#246;rigengespr&#228;che besitzen damit auch einen medicolegalen Charakter. Dieser Qualit&#228;tsindikator soll dem dokumentierten Gespr&#228;ch zu einem h&#246;heren Durchdringungsgrad verhelfen.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Qualit&#228;tsindikator IX &#8211; H&#228;ndesdesinfektionsmittelverbrauch</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Auch dieser Indikator erscheint zun&#228;chst ungew&#246;hnlich, ist aber von allen Indikatoren der effektivste zu sein <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="55"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="56"></TextLink>. Die kontaminierte Hand des Personals ist der bedeutendste Vektor von Infektionen im Krankenhaus, besonders auf Intensivstationen. Die Entstehung von multiresistenten Krankheitserregern wird durch den Mangel an H&#228;ndedesinfektion beg&#252;nstigt, nosokomiale Infektionen werden letztlich immer durch Kontamination (meist H&#228;nde) induziert. Da pro Intensivbett pro Tag eine kalkulierbare Anzahl von Prozessen mit Patientenkontakt anf&#228;llt, die jeweils mit einer notwendige H&#228;ndedesinfektion verbunden sind, die wiederum jeweils 3&#8211;5 ml Desinfektionsmittel erfordern, ist der Verbrauch von H&#228;ndedesinfektionsmittel keine aus der Luft gegriffene Gr&#246;&#223;e. Die Daten, die den Berechnungen zugrunde liegen, sind gut publiziert und Bestandteil der WHO Leitlinie zur H&#228;ndehygiene. Die Aktion &#8222;saubere H&#228;nde&#8220; macht mit gro&#223;em Erfolg auf die Problematik der H&#228;ndedesinfektion im Krankenhaus aufmerksam. Der Desinfektionsmittelverbrauch ist damit ein wichtiger Indikator f&#252;r ein Verfahren mit gr&#246;&#223;ter Bedeutung f&#252;r den Patienten.</Pgraph><SubHeadline> Qualit&#228;tsindikator X &#8211; 24-st&#252;ndige Besetzung der Intensivstation mit Experten</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die Besetzung einer Intensivstation mit erfahrenem und intensivmedizinisch ausgebildetem &#228;rztlichem und pflegerischem Personal hat einen Einfluss auf das Outcome der Patienten, hierzu gibt es gute Untersuchungen <TextLink reference="57"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="58"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="59"></TextLink>. Nicht zuletzt h&#228;ngt die praktische Umsetzung evidenter Ma&#223;nahmen an qualifiziertem Personal. Dies ist in Deutschland nicht zu 100&#37; umgesetzt. Auch die Strukturvorgabe f&#252;r die Intensivmedizinische Komplexpauschale im G-DRG-System hat daran nicht viel &#228;ndern k&#246;nnen. Qualit&#228;t ist mit bestimmten Ressourcen verbunden. Die Komplexbehandlungsziffer dient der Akquise dieser &#8222;human resource&#8220;. Die Komplexbehandlungsziffer ist zwar nur bei einem kleinen Anteil von Intensivpatienten relevant (meist nicht mehr als 10&#37;), daf&#252;r tr&#228;gt die Komplexziffer in diesen F&#228;lle deutlich zur Steigerung des Entgeltes einer Fallpauschale bei. F&#252;r eine 12 Betten Intensivstation eines mittelgro&#223;en Krankenhauses haben wir die Summe dieser Ertr&#228;ge aus der  intensivmedizinischen Komplexbehandlungsziffer mit j&#228;hrlich <TextGroup><PlainText>500.000 &#8364;</PlainText></TextGroup> kalkuliert. Davon l&#228;sst sich das daf&#252;r notwendige Personal durchaus finanzieren.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Conclusions">
      <MainHeadline>Conclusions</MainHeadline><Pgraph>ICU QIs have be developed in several countries in a structured manner, on the basis of best evidence and with the goal of improving the outcome of ICU patients.  In this way, structure-, process- and outcome-quality will be systematically further developed.  The number of indicators should be manageable and practical.</Pgraph><Pgraph>The effective use of the QIs, from the perspective of the intensivist, lies in the orientation aid that can be provided with respect to routine core procedures on the ICU. QIs should be a tool for bringing best evidence and routine practice into harmony.  If a QI is no longer of any benefit regarding the implementation of QM in routine practice, it has been overhauled or has become superfluous.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Schlussfolgerung">
      <MainHeadline>Schlussfolgerung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Intensivmedizinische Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sind in verschiedenen L&#228;ndern strukturiert entwickelt worden auf der Basis wissenschaftlicher Erkenntnisse, mit dem Ziel das Outcome von Intensivpatienten zu verbessern. <TextGroup><PlainText>Struktur-,</PlainText></TextGroup> Prozess- und Ergebnisqualit&#228;t werden hierbei systematisch weiter entwickelt. Die Anzahl von Indikatoren soll &#252;berschaubar und praktisch nutzbar sein.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Der effektive Nutzen bei der Anwendung der erarbeiteten Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r den Intensivmediziner liegt in der Orientierungshilfe, die durch die Indikatoren in Hinblick auf allt&#228;gliche intensivmedizinische Kernprozesse gew&#228;hrt wird. Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sollen ein Werkzeug sein, um theoretisch wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis und allt&#228;gliche Routineprozesse in rationalen Einklang zu bringen. Bietet ein Qualit&#228;tsindikator keine Hilfe mehr, bei der Umsetzung von Qualit&#228;t im Alltag, ist er &#252;berholt oder &#252;berfl&#252;ssig. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Notes">
      <MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Conflicts of interest</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The declarations of conflict of interest of all authors can be viewed on request. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>Acknowledgements </SubHeadline><Pgraph>We are very grateful to Dr. Jeffrey Bierbrauer, Dept. of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Virchow-Klinikum und Campus Charit&#233; Mitte, Charit&#233; &#8211; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, and Dr. Martin MacGuill, former colleague in this department and native speaker, for their translation into English.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Anmerkung">
      <MainHeadline>Anmerkung</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Interessenkonflikte</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die Erkl&#228;rungen zu Interessenkonflikten der Autoren k&#246;nnen auf Wunsch eingesehen werden.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>Danksagung</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Wir m&#246;chten uns bei Dr. Jeffrey Bierbrauer, Klinik f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum und Campus Charit&#233; Mitte, Charit&#233; &#8211; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, und Dr. Martin MacGuill, ehemals Kollege in dieser Klinik, f&#252;r die &#220;bersetzung ins Englische bedanken.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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