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    <ArticleType language="en">Review Article</ArticleType>
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      <Title language="en">Quality indicators in intensive care medicine for Germany &#8211; third edition 2017</Title>
      <TitleTranslated language="de">Intensivmedizinische Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r Deutschland &#8211; dritte Auflage 2017</TitleTranslated>
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        <Address language="en">Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; &#8211; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit&#228;t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit&#228;t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany, Phone: 0049 30 450631108<Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; &#8211; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit&#228;t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit&#228;t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany</Affiliation></Address>
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          <Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Martin-Luther Krankenhaus, Berlin, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Klinik f&#252;r An&#228;sthesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universit&#228;tsklinikum Jena, Deutschland</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Klinikum Fulda, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Universit&#228;tsklinikum RTWH Aachen, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Affiliation>Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charit&#233; &#8211; Universit&#228;tsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universit&#228;t Berlin, Humboldt-Universit&#228;t zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany</Affiliation>
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          <Corporatename>German Medical Science GMS Publishing House</Corporatename>
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    <SubjectGroup>
      <SubjectheadingDDB>610</SubjectheadingDDB>
      <Keyword language="en">quality management</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">intensive care medicine</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">quality indicators</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="en">peer review</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Qualit&#228;tsmanagement</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Intensivmedizin</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Peer Review</Keyword>
      <Keyword language="de">Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren</Keyword>
      <SectionHeading language="en">Intensive Care Medicine</SectionHeading>
      <SectionHeading language="de">Intensivmedizin</SectionHeading>
    </SubjectGroup>
    <DateReceived>20170706</DateReceived>
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    <DatePublished>20170801</DatePublished></DatePublishedList>
    <Language>engl</Language>
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      <AltText language="de">Dieser Artikel ist ein Open-Access-Artikel und steht unter den Lizenzbedingungen der Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (Namensnennung).</AltText>
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        <ISSN>1612-3174</ISSN>
        <Volume>15</Volume>
        <JournalTitle>GMS German Medical Science</JournalTitle>
        <JournalTitleAbbr>GMS Ger Med Sci</JournalTitleAbbr>
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    <ArticleNo>10</ArticleNo>
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    <Abstract language="de" linked="yes"><Pgraph>Qualit&#228;tsverbesserung in der Medizin h&#228;ngt von der Messung relevanter Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren ab. Die Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r die Intensivmedizin der Deutschen Interdisziplin&#228;ren Vereinigung f&#252;r Intensivmedizin (DIVI) aus dem Jahre 2013 sind nun planm&#228;&#223;ig nach drei Jahren &#252;berarbeitet und angepasst worden. Hierbei gab es deutliche &#196;nderungen in einigen Indikatoren w&#228;hrend einige nur minimal ver&#228;ndert wurden. Der Fokus auf intensivmedizinische Behandlungsprozesse wie <Mark2>interprofessionelle Visiten</Mark2>, <Mark2>Management von Analgesie und Sedierung</Mark2>, <Mark2>Beatmung</Mark2> und <Mark2>Weaning</Mark2> blieb ebenso bestehen wie die Gesamtzahl von 10 Indikatoren. Die Themenschwerpunkte blieben weitgehend bestehen au&#223;er der <Mark2>Fr&#252;hmobilisation</Mark2>, welche anstatt der <Mark2>Hypothermie nach Reanimation</Mark2> eingef&#252;hrt wurde. I<Mark2>nfektionspr&#228;vention</Mark2> wurde als Ergebnisindikator hinzugef&#252;gt. Diese Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren werden im Peer Review Prozess der DIVI eingesetzt. Eine G&#252;ltigkeitsdauer von drei Jahren ist f&#252;r diese Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren geplant.</Pgraph></Abstract>
    <Abstract language="en" linked="yes"><Pgraph>Quality improvement in medicine is depending on measurement of relevant quality indicators. The quality indicators for intensive care medicine of the German Interdisciplinary Society of Intensive Care Medicine (DIVI) from the year 2013 underwent a scheduled evaluation after three years. There were major changes in several indicators but also some indicators were changed only minimally. The focus on treatment processes like <Mark2>ward rounds</Mark2>, <Mark2>management of analgesia and sedation</Mark2>, <Mark2>mechanical ventilation</Mark2> and <Mark2>weaning</Mark2>, as well as the number of 10 indicators were not changed. Most topics remained except for <Mark2>early mobilization</Mark2> which was introduced instead of <Mark2>hypothermia following resuscitation</Mark2>. <Mark2>Infection prevention</Mark2> was added as an outcome indicator. These quality indicators are used in the peer review in intensive care, a method endorsed by the DIVI. A validity period of three years is planned for the quality indicators. </Pgraph></Abstract>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Introduction">
      <MainHeadline>Introduction</MainHeadline><Pgraph>In 2010 the first quality indicators (QI) in intensive care medicine were published for Germany by the German Interdisciplinary Society for Intensive Care Medicine (DIVI) <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. Following an updated second edition in 2013 <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink>, this third edition of the quality indicators was developed that included some major changes. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The quality indicators are an integral part of the peer review in intensive care medicine endorsed by the DIVI that has gained increasing acceptance and is now an established method of quality management <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. Analyzes from these peer reviews show that the implementation of QI is an important part of quality efforts in many intensive care units (ICUs). Even positive economic effects have been reported <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. However, compared to other quality relevant topics, such as staffing and organization, the QI are still considered less relevant, are insufficiently distributed and not adequately reported <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. The QI also receive attention at the political level, and some of the indicators are increasingly viewed as criteria for external quality assurance. This is an overall positive development. However, central aspects of the indicators should not be instrumentalized for economic purposes, i.e. reimbursement. They are primarily developed to describe topics critical for quality in intensive care medicine and then be further evaluated in peer reviews or on a local level. The aim is to enter a cycle of continuous improvement as shown in Figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>. The QI are developed interdisciplinary and interprofessionally with a main focus of quality evaluation. The QI in principle do not represent minimal requirements for ICUs but may be interpreted as that. From our point of view further dissemination and especially implementation of the indicators is the priority for the coming years. The increased use of the QI shows that the requirements of the RUMBA rule are met:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>R</Mark1>elevant to the problem</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>U</Mark1>nderstandable</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>M</Mark1>easurable, with high reliability and validity</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>B</Mark1>ehaviorable (changeable by behavior)</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>A</Mark1>chievable (reachable and feasible).</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Another important factor is the manageable number of ten indicators. The most relevant core processes of intensive care such as mechanical ventilation, analgesia, sedation and delirium treatment, anti-infective therapy, nutrition, hygiene, and communication with patients and relatives are represented. In addition, there is the structure criterion of staff qualification of the intensive care unit. Without these and other measures, quality and its improvement cannot be described adequately. Promoting quality in every day care is the goal of these quality indicators that are implemented in the peer review process.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Einleitung">
      <MainHeadline>Einleitung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Im Jahre 2010 wurde die erste Version der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r Deutschland publiziert <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. Nach der Aktualisierung 2013 <TextLink reference="2"></TextLink> entstand nun 2017 die dritte Auflage der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren, die einige &#196;nderungen beinhaltet. Die Neuformulierung nutzt das bislang etablierte Verfahren der Erstellung. Die Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren (QI) sind integraler Bestandteil des intensivmedizinischen Peer Review der DIVI, das zunehmende Akzeptanz entwickelt hat und als Verfahren des Qualit&#228;tsmanagements angenommen ist <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>. Analysen aus den intensivmedizinischen Peer Reviews zeigen, dass die Umsetzung von QI fester Bestandteil von Qualit&#228;tsbestrebungen vieler Intensivstationen ist. Erste Berichte geben sogar Hinweise auf positive wirtschaftliche Auswirkungen <TextLink reference="5"></TextLink>. Im Vergleich zu anderen qualit&#228;tsrelevanten Themen, wie z.B. Personalbesetzung und Organisation, werden die QI heute noch h&#228;ufig weniger bedeutsam eingestuft und zeigen ebenso wie ein angemessenes Reporting eine noch unzureichende Verbreitung <TextLink reference="3"></TextLink>. Dabei finden die QI auch auf politischer Ebene Beachtung; einzelne Indikatoren werden zunehmend als Kriterium der externen Qualit&#228;tssicherung betrachtet. Diese Entwicklung ist insgesamt positiv zu werten, dennoch sollten zentrale Aspekte der Indikatoren nicht f&#252;r erl&#246;srelevante &#246;konomische Fragestellungen instrumentalisiert werden. Die intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sollen in erster Linie helfen, relevante Bereiche der medizinischen und pflegerischen Qualit&#228;t zu beschreiben, die dann in den Peer Reviews (oder auch z.B. stationsintern) bewertet werden und so in einen Zyklus der kontinuierlichen Verbesserung eintreten k&#246;nnen (siehe Abbildung 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/>). Die in den QI angegebenen interprofessionellen und interdisziplin&#228;ren Ma&#223;zahlen zur Bewertung sind formal keine Mindestanforderungen, auch wenn man sie so ebenfalls verstehen kann. Die weitere Verbreitung und vor allem Implementierung der Indikatoren ist das vordringliche Ziel der n&#228;chsten Jahre. Die zunehmende Anwendung und Beachtung der QI sind Belege daf&#252;r, dass die Anforderungen der RUMBA-Regel erf&#252;llt werden:</Pgraph><Pgraph><UnorderedList><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>R</Mark1>elevant f&#252;r das Problem</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>U</Mark1>nderstandable (verst&#228;ndlich formuliert)</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>M</Mark1>essbar sein, mit hoher Zuverl&#228;ssigkeit und G&#252;ltigkeit</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>B</Mark1>ehaviourable (ver&#228;nderbar durch das Verhalten)</ListItem><ListItem level="1"><Mark1>A</Mark1>chievable and feasible (erreichbar und durchf&#252;hrbar).</ListItem></UnorderedList></Pgraph><Pgraph>Ein weiterer wichtiger Faktor ist die handhabbare Gr&#246;&#223;e von zehn Indikatoren. Mit Beatmung, Analgesie, Sedierung und Delir-Behandlung, antiinfektiver Therapie, Ern&#228;hrung, Hygiene und Kommunikation mit Patienten und Angeh&#246;rigen sind relevante Kernprozesse des intensivmedizinischen Alltags abgebildet. Dar&#252;ber hinaus wird die Personalbesetzung inklusive Qualifikation einer Intensivstation als Strukturkriterium aufgef&#252;hrt. Ohne Kennzahlen dieser Art l&#228;sst sich die Qualit&#228;t und ihre Ver&#228;nderung nicht darstellen. Anspruch der QI ist die F&#246;rderung gelebter Qualit&#228;t, die letztlich im intensivmedizinischen Peer Review ihre Anwendung findet.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Development of the third edition of the quality indicators in intensive care medicine">
      <MainHeadline>Development of the third edition of the quality indicators in intensive care medicine</MainHeadline><Pgraph>As scientific evidence changes over time, it is necessary to review process based quality indicators regularly and adapt them if necessary <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. The national steering group for the peer review in intensive care medicine has been assigned by the DIVI to revise the quality indicators on a regular basis with regard to underlying guidelines and new evidence in the literature. This latest revision process was started in September 2015. Initially, the medical societies organized in the DIVI were asked to submit proposals for new or revised quality indicators. In April 2016 these proposals from the societies were brought together. The list of new proposals was edited by the national steering committee and then discussed in a Delphi process. After consultation within the DIVI-affiliated societies, the quality indicators were confirmed in February 2017 by the council of the DIVI and approved for publication in June 2017.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Erstellung der dritten Version der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren">
      <MainHeadline>Erstellung der dritten Version der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Da sich die wissenschaftliche Evidenz mit der Zeit ver&#228;ndert, ist es notwendig, die QI regelm&#228;&#223;ig anzupassen und zu &#252;berpr&#252;fen <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>. Der nationalen Steuerungsgruppe f&#252;r das intensivmedizinische Peer Review System ist durch die DIVI die Aufgabe &#252;bertragen worden, die intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in einem regelm&#228;&#223;igen Zyklus vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Leitlinien und neuer Evidenz in der Literatur zu &#252;berarbeiten. Im September 2015 wurde das &#220;berarbeitungsverfahren eingeleitet. Zun&#228;chst wurden die in der DIVI organisierten Fachgesellschaften gebeten, Vorschl&#228;ge f&#252;r neue QI oder zur &#220;berarbeitung der bestehenden QI zu unterbreiten. Diese Vorschl&#228;ge wurden bis April  2016 aus den Fachgesellschaften zusammengetragen, redaktionell &#252;berarbeitet und anschlie&#223;end in einer Delphi-Runde diskutiert. Nach Konsentierung innerhalb der in der DIVI zusammengeschlossenen Fachgesellschaften wurden die intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren im Februar 2017 per Pr&#228;sidiumsbeschluss der DIVI best&#228;tigt und im Juni 2017 die Freigabe zur Publikation erteilt. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="The quality indicators in intensive care medicine &#8211; comparison to other quality measures">
      <MainHeadline>The quality indicators in intensive care medicine &#8211; comparison to other quality measures</MainHeadline><Pgraph>A task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) has published a list of quality indicators in 2012 <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. These included structure indicators such as compliance with national standards and an &#8220;adverse event&#8221; reporting system. As process indicators, routine multidisciplinary visits in the intensive care unit and a standardized transfer protocol were consented. Outcome indicators included the standardized mortality rate (SMR) and the 48-hour re-admission rate, the rate of catheter-associated blood stream infections and the rate of unplanned extubations. In contrast the DIVI quality indicators comprise mainly process indicators which are used in the peer review process <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Compared to the DIVI-QIs, outcome indicators are mainly used in seven other countries and by the ESICM <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. Outcome indicators are a part of the German intensive medical core data set DIVI-Reversi (SMR and 48h resuscitation rates). The &#8220;adverse event&#8221; indicator &#8220;pressure ulcer rate&#8221; is routinely reported in the quality reports of all German hospitals. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Overall, we consider process-based quality indicators as measures that evaluate the dimension of quality with the strongest effects on a patients&#8217; outcome. However, constant modernization of the indicators is the &#8220;price&#8221; that has to be paid for this <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>The German quality indicators in intensive care medicine have to be seen in the context with other quality-improvement strategies. A strength of the German quality indicators is easy implementation at a given intensive care unit. The process approach does not need any profound change in the local structure, apart perhaps from the willingness of the local stakeholders to change everyday practice. The main intention of the quality indicators remains the adaption of the most relevant therapy processes according to current medical knowledge, so that evidence-based &#8220;good practice&#8221; is brought to the patient <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Intensivmedizinische Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren im Vergleich mit anderen Ma&#223;nahmen der Qualit&#228;tsverbesserung">
      <MainHeadline>Intensivmedizinische Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren im Vergleich mit anderen Ma&#223;nahmen der Qualit&#228;tsverbesserung</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Eine Task Force der European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) hat 2012 ebenfalls eine Liste von Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren in der Intensivmedizin publiziert <TextLink reference="7"></TextLink>. Diese beinhaltet Strukturindikatoren wie die Erf&#252;llung nationaler Standards und ein &#8222;adverse event&#8220;-Reporting-System. Als Prozessindikatoren werden multidisziplin&#228;re Visiten auf der Intensivstation in der Routine und ein standardisiertes &#220;berleitungsverfahren auf die Normalstation betrachtet. Die gew&#228;hlten Outcome-Indikatoren umfassen den Report der standardisierten Mortalit&#228;tsrate (SMR), der 48-st&#252;ndigen Wiederaufnahmerate von Normalstation zur&#252;ck auf eine Intensivstation, die Rate der katheterassoziierten Blutstrominfektionen und die Rate der ungeplanten Extubationen. Im Gegensatz zu den QI der ESICM legen die DIVI-Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren ihren Schwerpunkt vor allem auf die Prozessbetrachtung im Rahmen des Peer Reviews <TextLink reference="4"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="8"></TextLink>. Im Vergleich zu den DIVI-Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren werden in sieben weiteren L&#228;ndern und bei der ESICM haupts&#228;chlich Ergebnisindikatoren genutzt <TextLink reference="9"></TextLink>. Diese Outcome-Indikatoren sind zum Teil Gegenstand des deutschen intensivmedizinischen Kerndatensatzes (SMR und 48h-Wiederaufnahmerate). Der &#8222;adverse event&#8220;-Indikator &#8222;Dekubitus-Rate&#8220; wird routinem&#228;&#223;ig in den Qualit&#228;tsberichten aller deutschen Krankenh&#228;user dargestellt. Prozesse haben den gr&#246;&#223;ten Einfluss auf das tats&#228;chliche Behandlungsergebnis. Daher erscheint im Vergleich der verschiedenen Indikatortypen ein prozessbasierter Ansatz naheliegend. Allerdings ist die regelm&#228;&#223;ige Aktualisierung der Indikatoren der &#8222;Preis&#8220;, der hierf&#252;r gezahlt werden muss <TextLink reference="6"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="10"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Die deutschen intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren sind im Kontext gemeinsam mit anderen qualit&#228;tsverbessernden Verfahren und Systemen zu sehen. Im pragmatischen Sinne muss daher explizit als St&#228;rke der DIVI-Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren genannt werden, dass ihre Umsetzung auf den Intensivstationen unproblematisch und an keine tiefgreifenden Strukturver&#228;nderungen gekn&#252;pft ist. Es muss lediglich die Bereitschaft der Akteure zu einem im klinischen Alltag gelebten kontinuierlichen Verbesserungsprozess bestehen. Es bleibt die Kernintention der QI, die entscheidenden Prozesse entsprechend des aktuellen intensivmedizinischen Wissenstandes zu ver&#228;ndern, damit evidenzbasierte &#8222;good practice&#8220; schneller den Weg an das Krankenbett findet <TextLink reference="1"></TextLink>. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Application of the quality indicators in intensive care medicine">
      <MainHeadline>Application of the quality indicators in intensive care medicine</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Evidence based intensive care medicine should be based on consented guidelines and recommendations which are developed according to the most recent literature available. In essence the implementation of the guidelines is the primary goal. To enable this implementation process has to be in the focus in the future. Innovative methods of implementation are needed like &#8220;blended learning&#8221; concepts, use of multiplier seminars <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink> or web-based platforms. Evaluation of guideline implementation requires evaluation of quality indicators. Even if the QI are increasingly used, there are still deficits in widespread application. The reasons for this can be manifold and are presented in Table 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table"/> <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Ideally quality indicators are regularly measured and evaluated for internal quality management. This can&#8217;t be achieved everywhere due to a variety of reasons. For example, patient data management systems (PDMS) are not widely used in German intensive care units, which could help technically to collect data for quality measurements. Existing systems do not regularly offer such functions although this would be desired by a majority of its users <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Manual computation is more time consuming and calculation may be complex but not an insurmountable obstacle because of the relatively simple calculation rules of the indicators. When beginning data collection for the indicators, a time-limited sample could be useful, particularly since the peer review process is also a method using point prevalence. Retrospective recording of data is also possible. A stepwise approach with an increasing number of indicator use or alternating use of the indicators can be employed. Figure 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/> shows a process description which would eventually lead to continuous quality improvement in the sense of a PDCA cycle. The effort necessary is not too large compared to the possible positive effects. Moreover, to start the process of recording quality indicators it is recommended to carry out a peer review in intensive care medicine according to the recommendations of the DIVI. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Anwendung der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren">
      <MainHeadline>Anwendung der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Evidenzbasierte Intensivmedizin sollte in ihrem Kern auf der Anwendung konsentierter Leitlinien und Empfehlungen beruhen, die sich in der neuesten Literatur wiederfinden.  Die Implementierung dieser Leitlinien ist das eigentliche Ziel. Dies zu erm&#246;glichen muss im Fokus der kommenden Jahre liegen. Neben innovativen Methoden der Leitlinienimplementierung wie &#8222;Blended Learning&#8220;-Konzepte (z.B. Onlineschulung kombiniert mit Simulatorschulungen und Supervisionen), Multiplikatorenschulungen <TextLink reference="11"></TextLink> und Web-basierte Plattformen, ist die &#220;berpr&#252;fung der Leitlinienanwendung durch QI ein wesentlicher Baustein. Auch wenn die QIs zunehmend Einzug halten, zeigen sich in der fl&#228;chendeckenden regelm&#228;&#223;igen Anwendung noch Defizite. Ursachen hierf&#252;r k&#246;nnen vielf&#228;ltig sein und sind in Tabelle 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="table"/> <TextLink reference="12"></TextLink> dargestellt.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Idealerweise werden die Indikatoren vollst&#228;ndig und regelm&#228;&#223;ig erhoben und im Sinne der internen Qualit&#228;tsmanagements angewendet. Dies l&#228;sst sich aus unterschiedlichen Gr&#252;nden nicht &#252;berall realisieren. Zum Beispiel sind Patientendaten-Management Systeme (PDMS), die ein Qualit&#228;tsmanagement mit &#220;berpr&#252;fung der Indikatoren erleichtern k&#246;nnen, nur in einem geringen Umfang auf deutschen Intensivstationen verbreitet. Selbst vorhandene PDMS-Systeme bieten diese Funktionalit&#228;t nicht regelm&#228;&#223;ig an, obwohl diese Funktion von einem &#252;berwiegenden Teil der Anwender der Systeme gew&#252;nscht ist <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. Eine manuelle Erfassung ist aufw&#228;ndiger als eine elektronische Dokumentation. Dies sollte aber aufgrund der relativ einfach gehaltenen Rechenregeln der Indikatoren kein un&#252;berwindliches Hindernis sein. Zu Beginn einer Erfassung der Indikatoren sind zeitbegrenzte Stichproben (z.B. zweimal j&#228;hrlich) sinnvoll, da das Peer Review-Verfahren eher im Sinne der Punktpr&#228;valenz vorgeht. Dar&#252;ber hinaus ist eine retrospektive Erfassung im Regelfall m&#246;glich. Ein schrittweises Vorgehen mit zunehmender Indikatornutzung oder die abwechselnde Nutzung der Indikatoren ist ebenso sinnvoll. In Abbildung 1 <ImgLink imgNo="1" imgType="figure"/> ist eine Prozessbeschreibung ersichtlich, die schlie&#223;lich in eine regelm&#228;&#223;ige Qualit&#228;tsverbesserung im Sinne eines PDCA-Zyklus m&#252;ndet. Der hierf&#252;r n&#246;tige Aufwand erscheint gemessen an den zu erwartenden positiven Effekten nicht zu hoch. Die Durchf&#252;hrung von intensivmedizinischen Peer Reviews nach den Empfehlungen der DIVI ist eine zus&#228;tzliche M&#246;glichkeit, den Prozess der Erfassung von QI zu initiieren. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="The future of DIVI quality indicators">
      <MainHeadline>The future of DIVI quality indicators</MainHeadline><Pgraph>The DIVI quality indicators have grown in importance in recent years. Their value is not limited to the medical processes described. Moreover, the parts of the QI that can be used as structural indicators are also used apart from peer reviews and internal quality management measures. They are used by health insurers for economic considerations (i.e. payment reduction). This has to be seen critical since the indicators have not been developed for such a purpose. Therefore there is a need for a more rigorous formal development process in the future for the indicators <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Also the amount of time spent for their development is considerable and it seems appropriate to use external expertise as well. This could be provided by the Working Group of the German Medical Societies (AWMF). This fact is also taken into account by the DIVI. There will be an own sub-section for the quality indicator development located in the section &#8220;Quality and Economy&#8221;. The peer review process will continue to be the central element of quality assurance in intensive care medicine for the DIVI and the quality indicators developed for it remain one of the main tasks of the DIVI. </Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Die Zukunft der DIVI-Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren">
      <MainHeadline>Die Zukunft der DIVI-Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Die intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren der DIVI sind in ihrer Bedeutung in den letzten Jahren zunehmend gewachsen. Dabei ist ihr Wert nicht nur auf den beschriebenen medizinischen Prozess beschr&#228;nkt. Vor allem die als Strukturindikatoren nutzbaren Elemente der QI werden auch abseits der Peer Reviews und des internen Qualit&#228;tsmanagements genutzt. So k&#246;nnten sie z.B. den Kostentr&#228;gern dienen, um daraus Vorgaben f&#252;r die Bezahlung einer Komplexpauschale abzuleiten. Dies ist kritisch zu sehen, da die Indikatoren nicht f&#252;r diesen Zweck entwickelt und &#252;berpr&#252;ft wurden. Diese Instrumentalisierung wird in Zukunft dazu f&#252;hren, dass die Indikatoren bei Ihrer Formulierung noch st&#228;rker formalen Kriterien der QI-Erstellung folgen m&#252;ssen <TextLink reference="14"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="15"></TextLink>. Der Zeitaufwand ist erheblich und es scheint angebracht, auch externe Expertise, wie sie z.B. bei der AWMF zu finden ist, in Anspruch zu nehmen. Diese Komplexit&#228;t hat die DIVI dazu bewogen, eine eigene Sektion Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren zu gr&#252;nden. Das Peer Review-Verfahren wird weiter ein sehr zentrales Element der Qualit&#228;tssicherung in der Intensivmedizin sein und die aus ihm entstandenen QI bleiben eine der Kernaufgaben der DIVI.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="The third edition of the intensive medical quality indicators for Germany">
      <MainHeadline>The third edition of the intensive medical quality indicators for Germany</MainHeadline><Pgraph>As in the publication of the first two versions of the QI in intensive care medicine, this third version also includes comments and explanations for each new or revised quality indicator. The list of quality indicators is given in tabular form in the appendix (Attachment 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/>). Further suggestions that have not been taken into the main quality indicator set for various reasons were in part integrated into the peer review questionnaire to be found online: <Hyperlink href="http:&#47;&#47;www.divi.de&#47;qualitaetssicherung&#47;peer-review&#47;erste-schritte.html">http:&#47;&#47;www.divi.de&#47;qualitaetssicherung&#47;peer-review&#47;erste-schritte.html</Hyperlink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI I Daily multiprofessional and interdisciplinary clinical visits with documentation of daily goals</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The daily definition of goals in the multiprofessional team consisting at least of medical and nursing staff of the intensive care unit was first described in 2003. The definition of daily goals for the patient in the team improves communication among the treatment team, makes the treatment goals more transparent and increases patient safety with a positive effect on the patient outcome <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. It is important to involve the multiprofessional team, but also to involve all other clinical partners in the treatment process. Therefore, the indicator was extended by the term interdisciplinary. This does not necessarily imply the simultaneity of visitations. However, the interdisciplinary visitation has to take place in the presence of an experienced ICU physician (in the sense of QI X). The medical documentation, whether paper-based or electronic, must take this into account to ensure the transparency of the daily therapy goals. The achieved goals also need to be documented. Suppliers of documentation products should provide practical solutions with this regard. The further dissemination of electronic patient data management systems (PDMS) is desirable in this context <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI II Management of sedation, analgesia, and delirium</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The QI II in its core is unchanged. By adjusting the title, the focus changes towards a targeted therapy. Numerous scientific publications show an unchanged importance of the subject. In addition to adequate diagnosis and therapy of delirium, patients should practically not be sedated if ever possible and if necessary as short as possible. The recently published S3-guideline is the scientific basis of the indicator <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. In the indicator a formula for the single topics delirium, analgesia, and sedation is introduced. It is important to record the recommended scales at least every 8 hours. The indicator also demands the presence of a written standard as well as measures of process implementation (i.e. performance indicators). Optionally, the evaluation of an outcome indicator is recommended.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI III Patient-adapted ventilation</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The indicator has been changed slightly. The evidence for lung-protective ventilation is still high and the implementation in clinical practice is not sufficient. Since there is a tendency to use pressure-controlled ventilation modes in combination with spontaneous breathing, determination of ventilator setting is not valuable in this context. A standard is required for a single ICU which is based on the most recent guidelines by the medical societies <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>. The table with recommended PEEP values in relation to FiO2 was simplified accordingly. In cases of very severe pulmonary failure, cooperation with a specialized center (i.e. for extracorporal lung assist) is recommended <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI IV Early weaning from invasive ventilation </SubHeadline><Pgraph>This QI has been modified, but the focus remains on termination of mechanical ventilation as quickly as possible. The measures for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) previously included in this indicator are now integrated into QI V (&#8220;infection prevention&#8221;). Overall this indicator also targets VAP prevention using the positive effect on VAP incidence due to a shorter ventilation time. Weaning per se is a very complex process and is closely linked to the sedation concept of an intensive care unit (QI II) and a mobilization concept to avoid neuro-muscular weakness <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. The latter is the focus of the new QI IX that targets the prevention of atrophy of respiratory muscles as the main pathophysiological factor for weaning failure. The success of this process is linked to well-coordinated standards. A weaning standard is mandatory for structural quality <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI V Monitoring of infection prevention measures</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This indicator is new and is connected to the new QI VI for &#8220;infection management measures&#8221;. The increasing incidence of multiresistant bacteria and high mortality in the presence of nosocomial infections is the reason for the new indicator <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink>. The previous indicator IX (&#8220;hand disinfectant consumption&#8221;) is now integrated in this indicator. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Avoiding nosocomial infections is one of the most effective measures to reduce morbidity and mortality in intensive care units <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>. The indicator includes structure, process, and outcome measures. Outcome quality is measured in the formula. Other quality dimensions include structural specifications like appropriate procedural standards for infection prevention <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. Adequate hand hygiene is the fundamental process of infection prevention. Other infection prevention strategies included in the previous indicator for VAP prevention are still included in the context of bundle use. However, the value of single measures is still under debate. To exemplify this a recent Cochrane review from 2016 considers that oral hygiene (including use of chlorhexidine) reduces the incidence of VAP, but does not influence lethality, length of stay or ventilator days <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>. Effects on lethality were seen for selective digestive decontamination (SDD) <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink> and selective oral decontamination (SOD) <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink>. To monitor infection prevention hand disinfectant consumption is measured and one of two potential marker infections (VAP or central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI)). The evaluation of both marker infections is useful and recommended.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI VI Infection management measures (replaced: Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest) </SubHeadline><Pgraph>The previous indicator &#8220;Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest&#8221; has been replaced. Current guidelines strongly recommend temperature management after resuscitation <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>. In the peer reviews the prevalence is low and therefore does not justify an own indicator. The authors consider it useful to evaluate implementation of temperature management following resuscitation in the peer review questionnaire (see above). </Pgraph><Pgraph>The new indicator &#8220;infection management measures&#8221; takes into account the fact that guideline-based therapy of bacterial infections remains a problem. The peer reviews show deficits in correct indication and choice of antiinfective substances as well as correct documentation. Therefore, the indicator focuses on two essential aspects of anti-infective treatment: 1. Timely microbiological testing and 2. Appropriate therapy (indication and adequate) based on recent guideines. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Clinical signs, which have been redefined in 2016, are the main focus for the early diagnosis of septic shock <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>. Monitoring of clinical signs defined in these publications (level of conciousness, respiratory rate and systolic blood pressure) and the SOFA (sequential organ failure assessment) score are recommended. The second important point is the use of appropriate microbiological tests. This is represented in the indicator formula counting blood cultures per 1,000 patient days <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. The therapy process which is evaluated e.g. in a peer review focuses on transparent documentation, especially indication and duration of anti-infective therapy. There should be a strong focus on implementation of the determinants of structure and process quality. This includes SOPs <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, timely therapy, multiprofessional visits (microbiologists, clinical pharmacists, infectiologists, etc.), transparent documentation, therapeutic drug monitoring <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink>, and antibiotic stewardship (ABS) <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI VII Early enteral nutrition</SubHeadline><Pgraph>This indicator was slightly changed. In recent years, numerous publications on the topic of nutrition in ICU patients have been published. In the most recent guideline of the American Society (ASPEN) clear recommendations on enteral nutrition are available <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>. The current guidelines of the European Society (ESPEN), which are roughly 10 years old, particularly favor an earlier start of nutrition therapy <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>, especially with regard to the start of  parenteral nutrition to achieve adequate caloric intake. The goal of the indicator takes this guideline and the more recent literature into account and recommends a minimum caloric intake after 48 hours. Overall, early enteral nutrition remains the main goal <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>. In addition to offer nutrition in a &#8220;natural&#8221; way, the adequate nutrient composition and energy supply for the patient must be considered. It is strongly recommended to define patient-specific nutritional targets and to establish a nutrition standard for an ICU <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI VIII Documentation of structured patient and family communications </SubHeadline><Pgraph>This indicator has minor changes. The focus has been shifted towards the determination of a patient&#8217;s advance directives <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>. The indicator additionally recommends measures for the wellbeing of relatives and staff. The evaluation of peer reviews show documentations of family discussions are not sufficient. The documentation often does not reveal what subjects were discussed and what consensus was reached with regard to therapeutic goals that are in the patient&#8217;s best interest. The demand for adequate documentation templates remains. Intensive care diaries and the evaluation of family surveys are potentially important complementary measures. The DIVI has published recommendations on adequate therapy in end-of-life situations <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI IX Early mobilization (replaces &#8220;Hand disinfectant consumption&#8221;)</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The indicator &#8220;Early mobilization&#8221; was added to the quality indicators. As mentioned above the QI IX (&#8220;Hand disinfectant consumption&#8221;) became part of the new QI V (&#8220;infection prevention&#8221;). </Pgraph><Pgraph>With an increasing numbers of long-term ICU patients suffering chronic critical illness, any measure is useful to avoid long-term dependence on respiratory support (see also QI II and IV). The positive effect of early mobilization on ICU patients has been demonstrated in various publications <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>. The indicator emphasizes on the early start of mobilization measures, which must be defined in local standards <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>. The safety of mobilization measures is sometimes doubted. National and European recommendations regarding safety can be used to establish local standards <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>. In addition, avoiding immobilization is also important. If immobilization is indicated it should be ordered explicitly. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI X Direction of the intensive care unit </SubHeadline><Pgraph>This indicator has been slightly changed. The evidence on the content of this indicator is still clear. The 24-hour presence of an experienced and qualified team of nurses and physicians is necessary to ensure adequate care for ICU patients. The term presence still allows the ICU physician to be part of emergency teams (NET, Resuscitation Service) working shortly outside the ICU. This does not include other clinical obligations outside the ICU or the hospital.  During the core working time, i.e. <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink> during the time when important therapeutic decisions are made (in the interdisciplinary context) the availability of all &#34;decision-makers&#34; is necessary, especially the presence of a specialist intensivist (&#61; experienced and qualified intensive care physician). This experienced and qualified intensivist may not have relevant clinical obligations except responsibility for the ICU. In order to fulfill the indicator, the structural requirements of the DIVI for an ICU have to be followed <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>. This includes adequate staffing, which is ensured by close contact between lead physicians, nursing managers, and hospital management. Staffing is adapted to structural demands that may be different in single institutions. They may depend on external services provided like dialysis service, patient transport or maintenance of equipment and pharmacy service.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Die dritte Auflage der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r Deutschland">
      <MainHeadline>Die dritte Auflage der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren f&#252;r Deutschland</MainHeadline><Pgraph>Wie schon bei der Publikation der ersten beiden Versionen der intensivmedizinischen Qualit&#228;tsindikatoren wird auch in dieser dritten Version jeder ersetzte und ge&#228;nderte QI erl&#228;utert. Die Liste der konsentierten QI folgt in tabellarischer Form im Anhang 1 <AttachmentLink attachmentNo="1"/>. Weitere Vorschl&#228;ge zu den QI, die aus unterschiedlichen Gr&#252;nden nicht ber&#252;cksichtigt sind, werden z.B. in den Peer Review Fragebogen integriert (<Hyperlink href="http:&#47;&#47;www.divi.de&#47;qualitaetssicherung&#47;peer-review&#47;erste-schritte.html">http:&#47;&#47;www.divi.de&#47;qualitaetssicherung&#47;peer-review&#47;erste-schritte.html</Hyperlink>). </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI I T&#228;gliche  multiprofessionelle und interdisziplin&#228;re klinische Visite mit Dokumentation von Tageszielen</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die t&#228;gliche Festlegung von Tageszielen im multiprofessionellen Team, das mindestens aus &#228;rztlichen und pflegerischen Mitarbeitern der Intensivstation besteht, wurde erstmals im Jahre 2003 publiziert. Die gemeinsame Festlegung von Tageszielen f&#252;r den Patienten im Team verbessert nachweislich die Kommunikation des Behandlungsteams, macht die Behandlungsziele transparenter und erh&#246;ht die Patientensicherheit mit einem positiven Effekt auf das Patienten-Outcome <TextLink reference="16"></TextLink>. Hierbei ist es wichtig, nicht nur das multiprofessionelle Team der Intensivstation einzubeziehen, sondern alle am Behandlungsverlauf beteiligten Berufsgruppen. Daher wurde der Indikator um den Begriff interdisziplin&#228;r erweitert. Hierbei wird nicht zwingend eine Gleichzeitigkeit der Visite gefordert. Allerdings sollte die interdisziplin&#228;re Visite im Beisein von verantwortlich leitenden Fachpersonen (im Sinne des QI X) stattfinden. Die Standarddokumentationen, ob papiergest&#252;tzt oder in elektronischer Form, muss diesem Indikator Rechnung tragen, um die Transparenz der t&#228;glichen Festlegungen zu sichern. Erreichte Ziele m&#252;ssen ebenfalls nachpr&#252;fbar sein. Anbieter von Dokumentationsprodukten (papiergebunden oder elektronisch) sind aufgefordert, praxisnahe L&#246;sungen anzubieten. Eine weitere Verbreitung elektronischer PDMS ist in diesem Zusammenhang w&#252;nschenswert <TextLink reference="13"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI II Management von Sedierung, Analgesie und Delir</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Der QI II wird thematisch beibehalten. Durch die Anpassung der QI-Bezeichnung  wird das Gewicht st&#228;rker auf das Ziel <Mark2>Therapie</Mark2> gelegt. Die aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Publikationen zu dem Thema zeigen eine unver&#228;nderte Brisanz. Das Ziel, Patienten m&#246;glichst gar nicht und so kurz wie m&#246;glich zu sedieren, ist neben der ad&#228;quaten Diagnostik und Therapie des Delirs mit seinen Auspr&#228;gungen Fokus des Indikators. Die aktuell publizierte S3-Leitlinie ist die wissenschaftlich fundierte Basis des Indikators <TextLink reference="17"></TextLink>. Im Indikator ist eine mathematische Formel zur Erfassung der einzelnen Inhaltsbereiche (Delir, Analgesie und Sedierung) eingef&#252;hrt worden. Von gro&#223;er Bedeutung ist die Erfassung der empfohlenen Skalen mindestens alle 8 Stunden. Der Indikator umfasst das Vorliegen eines leitlinienbasierten Standards ebenso wie die Umsetzung des Prozesses. Optional wird das Erfassen eines Ergebnisindikators empfohlen.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI III Patientenadaptierte Beatmung </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Der Indikator ist in seinem Wesen unver&#228;ndert geblieben wurde aber redaktionell &#252;berarbeitet. Die Evidenzlage f&#252;r die lungenprotektive Beatmung ist unver&#228;ndert und ihre Umsetzung im klinischen Alltag immer noch nicht ausreichend. Da sich bei den Beatmungsmodi eine Tendenz zur druckkontrollierten Beatmung sowie zu Spontanatemverfahren durchsetzt, sind fest vorgegebene Beatmungswerte in diesem Zusammenhang nicht zielf&#252;hrend. Es wird f&#252;r die Stationen ein Standard verlangt der sich an den Leitlinien der Fachgesellschaften orientiert <TextLink reference="18"></TextLink>. In dem Indikator wurde die Tabelle mit den empfohlenen PEEP-Werten vereinfacht. Beim Vorliegen eines schweren Lungenversagens wird die Zusammenarbeit mit einem spezialisierten Zentrum empfohlen <TextLink reference="19"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI IV Fr&#252;hzeitige Entw&#246;hnung von einer invasiven Beatmung (Weaning)  </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Der QI IV wurde erneut modifiziert, bleibt aber mit seinem Schwerpunkt erhalten. Der QI und die Messformeln konzentrieren sich auf das m&#246;glichst rasche Beenden einer invasiven Beatmung. Die zuvor in dem Indikator beinhalteten Ma&#223;nahmen zur Pr&#228;vention ventilator-assoziierter Pneumonien (VAP) gehen in den neu geschaffenen QI V (Infektionspr&#228;vention) ein. Insgesamt verfolgt auch dieser Indikator das Ziel der VAP-Pr&#228;vention, fokussiert aber auf den Prozess der Entw&#246;hnung, deren positiver Effekt auf die VAP-Vermeidung ma&#223;geblich im Faktor &#8222;Dauer der Beatmung&#8220; begr&#252;ndet ist. Das Weaning per se ist ein sehr komplexer Prozess und ist inhaltlich verkn&#252;pft mit dem Sedierungskonzept einer Intensivstation (siehe QI II) sowie einem Mobilisationskonzept zur Vermeidung von neuro-muskul&#228;rer Schw&#228;che <TextLink reference="20"></TextLink>. Letzteres wird durch den neuen QI IX (Fr&#252;hmobilisation) adressiert, da eine Atrophie der Atemmuskulatur ein zentraler pathophysiologischer Faktor f&#252;r ein Weaning-Versagen darstellt. Der Erfolg dieses Prozesses beruht daher auf sehr gut abgestimmte Standards, die im Sinne der Strukturqualit&#228;t in einem Weaning-Standard abgelegt sein sollten <TextLink reference="21"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI V &#220;berwachung der Ma&#223;nahmen zur Infektionspr&#228;vention</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Dieser Indikator ist neu und wird dem ebenfalls neuen QI VI &#8222;Ma&#223;nahmen zum Infektionsmanagement&#8220; vorangestellt. Die zunehmende Belastung durch multiresistente Erreger und anhaltend hohe Sterblichkeit bei Auftreten nosokomialer Infektionen <TextLink reference="22"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="23"></TextLink> ist Anlass den Indikator neu aufzunehmen. Der urspr&#252;ngliche Indikator IX &#8222;H&#228;ndedesinfektionsmittelverbrauch&#8220; wird in diesem Indikator weitergef&#252;hrt. Das Vermeiden von Infektionen auf Intensivstationen ist eine der effektiven Ma&#223;nahmen zur Reduktion von Morbidit&#228;t und Mortalit&#228;t <TextLink reference="24"></TextLink>. Im Indikator werden Struktur, Prozess- und Ergebnisvorgaben genannt. In der Messformel ist schlie&#223;lich die Ergebnisqualit&#228;t abgefragt. Die Qualit&#228;tsdimensionen umfassen bei den Strukturvorgaben das Hinterlegen geeigneter Verfahrensanweisungen und Standards zur Infektionspr&#228;vention <TextLink reference="25"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="26"></TextLink>. Dem Prozess der suffizienten H&#228;ndehygiene wird hierbei eine fundamentale Bedeutung bei der Infektionspr&#228;vention beigemessen. Ma&#223;nahmen aus dem bisherigen Indikator zur VAP-Pr&#228;vention sind weiter im Rahmen der B&#252;ndelstrategie enthalten, wobei nach wie vor die Bewertung einzelner solcher Ma&#223;nahmen schwierig ist. Beispielsweise l&#228;sst sich aufgrund eines aktuellen Cochrane Reviews aus dem Jahre 2016 festhalten, dass orale Hygienema&#223;nahmen (inklusive Chlorhexidin) die Inzidenz der VAP senken, aber derzeit kein Einfluss auf Letalit&#228;t, Intensivaufenthalt und Beatmungstage nachweisbar ist <TextLink reference="27"></TextLink>. Ein Effekt in Bezug auf die Letalit&#228;t konnte bisher f&#252;r SDD (Selektive Darmdekontamination) <TextLink reference="28"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="29"></TextLink> und SOD (Selektive Orale Dekontamination) <TextLink reference="30"></TextLink> gezeigt werden. Ma&#223;zahlen der Ergebnisqualit&#228;t sind einerseits der H&#228;ndedesinfektionsverbrauch und andererseits die Rate einer der zwei Leitinfektionen ventilator-assoziierte Pneumonie (VAP) und ZVK-assoziierte Infektion (Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection; CLABSI). An diesen Leitinfektionen soll die Effektivit&#228;t der Pr&#228;ventionsma&#223;nahmen nachgewiesen werden. Eine gleichzeitige &#220;berwachung beider Leitinfektionen ist sinnvoll und wird empfohlen.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI VI Ma&#223;nahmen zum Infektionsmanagement (ersetzt: Therapeutische Hypothermie nach Herzstillstand) </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Der Indikator &#8222;Therapeutische Hypothermie nach Herzstillstand&#8220; wurde gestrichen, da dieser Punkt in der aktuellen Literatur durchaus kontrovers diskutiert wird. Die aktuellen Leitlinien empfehlen jedoch weiter dringend ein Temperaturmanagement nach Reanimationen, das als zentrales Ziel die Vermeidung einer Hyperthermie hat <TextLink reference="31"></TextLink>. Die Autoren halten es f&#252;r sinnvoll, die Umsetzung des Temperaturmanagements nach Reanimationen in anderem Rahmen, z.B. bei der Fragebogenbewertung (s.o.) w&#228;hrend eines Peer Reviews, nachzupr&#252;fen.</Pgraph><Pgraph>Der neue Indikator &#8222;Ma&#223;nahmen zum Infektionsmanagement&#8220; tr&#228;gt dem Umstand Rechnung, dass die leitlinienbasierte Therapie v.a. bakterieller Infektionen nach wie vor problematisch ist. In den Peer Reviews zeigen sich offensichtliche Defizite in der Indikationsstellung, in der Auswahl und Dosierung geeigneter antiinfektiver Substanzen sowie in der ad&#228;quaten Dokumentation. Daher fragt der Indikator zwei wesentliche Aspekte der Behandlung ab: 1. die ad&#228;quate mikrobiologische Diagnostik und 2. die an aktuellen Leitlinien orientierte, indikationsgerechte und angemessene antiinfektive Therapie.</Pgraph><Pgraph>F&#252;r die Diagnostik stehen klinische Zeichen im Vordergrund, die im Jahre 2016 neu definiert wurden. Diese finden Ausdruck in den neuen Sepsiskriterien <TextLink reference="32"></TextLink>. Die &#220;berwachung der in diesen Publikationen definierten klinischen Zeichen (Vigilanz, Atemfrequenz und systolischen Blutdruck) und des SOFA-Scores ist in diesem Zusammenhang empfohlen. Zweiter wesentlicher Punkt in diesem Indikator ist die sachgerechte mikrobiologische Diagnostik. Dies findet Niederschlag in der Indikatorformel bezogen auf Blutkulturen pro 1.000 Patiententage <TextLink reference="33"></TextLink>. Die &#220;berpr&#252;fung des Therapieprozesses z.B. in den Peer Reviews konzentriert sich auf die Abfrage von transparenter Dokumentation, Indikation und Dauer der antiinfektiven Therapie. Es sollte eine Umsetzung der beschriebenen Struktur- und Prozessdeterminanten soweit m&#246;glich angestrebt werden. Diese beinhalten Leitlinienadh&#228;renz, lokale SOPs <TextLink reference="34"></TextLink>, zeitnahen Therapiebeginn, multiprofessionelle Visiten (Mikrobiologe, klinischer Pharmazeut, Infektiologe usw.), transparente Dokumentation, therapeutisches Drug-Monitoring <TextLink reference="35"></TextLink> und Antibiotic Stewardship (ABS) <TextLink reference="36"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI VII Fr&#252;he enterale Ern&#228;hrung</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Dieser Indikator wurde gering ver&#228;ndert. In den vergangenen Jahren sind zahlreiche Publikationen zum Thema Ern&#228;hrung von Intensivpatienten erschienen. Die aktuellen Leitlinien der ASPEN sind bez&#252;glich der Empfehlungen zur enteralen Therapie klar formuliert <TextLink reference="37"></TextLink>. Die nicht mehr ganz aktuellen Leitlinien der ESPEN pr&#228;ferieren vor allem in Bezug auf den Zeitpunkt der Zufuhr von parenteralen L&#246;sungen zur Erreichung einer angemessenen Kalorienzufuhr eher einen fr&#252;heren Therapiebeginn <TextLink reference="38"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="39"></TextLink>. Das Ziel des Indikators tr&#228;gt diesen Leitlinien sowie der aktuelleren Literatur Rechnung und empfiehlt eine Mindestkalorienmenge nach 48 Stunden. Insgesamt bleibt die fr&#252;he enterale Ern&#228;hrung ein wichtiges Ziel <TextLink reference="40"></TextLink>. Neben der Forderung, die Ern&#228;hrung auf &#8222;nat&#252;rlichem&#8220; Wege anzubieten, ist die ad&#228;quate N&#228;hrstoffzusammensetzung und das Energieangebot f&#252;r den Patienten zu beachten. Es wird dringend empfohlen patientenindividuelle Ern&#228;hrungsziele zu definieren und einen entsprechenden Ern&#228;hrungsstandard zu erstellen <TextLink reference="41"></TextLink>. </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI VIII Dokumentation einer strukturierten Patienten- und Angeh&#246;rigenkommunikation </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Dieser Indikator wurde erg&#228;nzt. Die Ausrichtung erfolgt st&#228;rker auf die Ermittlung des Patientenwillens <TextLink reference="42"></TextLink>. Der Indikator beinhaltet auch Empfehlungen zur Ber&#252;cksichtigung der Gesundheit von Angeh&#246;rigen und Mitarbeitern. Die Auswertungen von Peer Reviews zeigen, dass die Dokumentation von Angeh&#246;rigengespr&#228;chen auf Intensivstationen weiterhin nicht befriedigend umgesetzt ist. Die Inhalte der Dokumentation lassen h&#228;ufig nicht erkennen, welche Themen mit den Angeh&#246;rigen besprochen wurden und welche gemeinsamen Festlegungen im Interesse des Patienten getroffen wurden. Die Forderung nach angemessenen Dokumentationsvorlagen (z.B. Therapiebegrenzungsbogen) auf den Intensivstationen bleibt bestehen. Die F&#252;hrung von Intensivtageb&#252;chern und die Durchf&#252;hrung und Auswertung von Angeh&#246;rigenbefragungen werden als wichtige erg&#228;nzende Ma&#223;nahmen gesehen. Die DIVI hat zu den Prozessen entsprechende Empfehlungen ver&#246;ffentlicht <TextLink reference="43"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="44"></TextLink>.</Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI IX Fr&#252;hmobilisation (ersetzt: QI IX H&#228;ndedesinfektionsmittelverbrauch)</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Der bisherige &#8222;QI IX H&#228;ndedesinfektionsmittelverbrauch&#8220; wurde Teil des neuen QI V &#8222;Infektionspr&#228;vention&#8220;, da die Brisanz des Themas H&#228;ndedesinfektion in keiner Weise geringer geworden ist. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Der Indikator &#8222;Fr&#252;hmobilisation&#8220; wurde neu in die QI aufgenommen. Vor dem Hintergrund steigender Zahlen langfristig beatmeter Patienten ist jede Ma&#223;nahme zur Vermeidung langfristiger Beatmungsabh&#228;ngigkeit n&#252;tzlich (siehe auch QI II und IV). Der positive Effekt einer fr&#252;hen Mobilisation von Intensivpatienten ist in diversen Publikationen nachgewiesen <TextLink reference="45"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="46"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="47"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="48"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="49"></TextLink>. Der Indikator betont einen fr&#252;hen Beginn der Mobilisationsma&#223;nahmen, der auf den Intensivstationen in festgelegten Standards hinterlegt sein muss <TextLink reference="50"></TextLink>. Die Sicherheit der Mobilisationsma&#223;nahmen wird gelegentlich angezweifelt. Hier k&#246;nnen nationale und europ&#228;ische Empfehlungen zur Definition der eigenen Standards genutzt werden <TextLink reference="51"></TextLink>. Zus&#228;tzlich ist die Vermeidung der Immobilisation wichtig, welche nur auf explizierte Anordnung erfolgen sollte.  </Pgraph><SubHeadline>QI X Leitung der Intensivstation </SubHeadline><Pgraph>Dieser Indikator wurde redaktionell ver&#228;ndert. Die Evidenzlage zu den Inhalten dieses Indikators ist weiterhin als sehr hoch zu bewerten. Zur ad&#228;quaten Versorgung von intensivmedizinischen Patienten ist die 24-st&#252;ndige Pr&#228;senz eines erfahrenen und qualifizierten pflegerischen und &#228;rztlichen Teams notwendig. Der Begriff Pr&#228;senz kann auch kurzfristige Eins&#228;tze au&#223;erhalb der Intensivstation z.B. zur Notfallversorgung von Patienten innerhalb des Krankenhauses beinhalten (Reanimationsdienst, MET), nicht aber Verpflichtungen in anderen klinischen oder au&#223;erklinischen Versorgungsbereichen. Die Studienlage zeigt, dass in der Kernarbeitszeit, d.h. in der Zeit, in der wichtige Entscheidungen im interdisziplin&#228;ren und interprofessionellen Kontext zu treffen sind und die Verf&#252;gbarkeit aller Entscheidungstr&#228;ger gegeben ist, die Pr&#228;senz eines Facharztes mit Zusatzbezeichnung (&#61; erfahrener und qualifizierter Intensivmediziner) notwendig ist <TextLink reference="52"></TextLink>, <TextLink reference="53"></TextLink>. Dieser erfahrene und qualifizierte Intensivmediziner darf keine wesentlichen anderen (klinischen) Aufgaben auf sich vereinen als die fachliche Leitung der Intensivstation. </Pgraph><Pgraph>Dies entspricht den ma&#223;geblichen Anforderungen der DIVI <TextLink reference="54"></TextLink>. Die Bewertung des Indikators erfolgt anhand der Strukturvorgaben der DIVI zur Intensivmedizin. Diese beinhalten eine ad&#228;quate Personalvorhaltung, die durch engen Kontakt zwischen &#228;rztlicher, pflegerischer und gesch&#228;ftlicher Leitung eines Krankenhauses zu gew&#228;hrleisten ist. Die Personalvorhaltung orientiert sich an den strukturellen Notwendigkeiten einzelner Kliniken und kann z.B. auch von extern bereitgestellten Dienstleistungen (Dialyse, Transporte, Modulversorgung etc.) abh&#228;ngen.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="en" linked="yes" name="Notes">
      <MainHeadline>Notes</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Competing interests</SubHeadline><Pgraph>The authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the content of this manuscript.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
    <TextBlock language="de" linked="yes" name="Anmerkungen">
      <MainHeadline>Anmerkungen</MainHeadline><SubHeadline>Interessenkonflikte</SubHeadline><Pgraph>Die Autoren erkl&#228;ren, dass sie keine Interessenkonflikte in Zusammenhang mit diesem Artikel haben.</Pgraph></TextBlock>
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